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MINDSETS (Types of mindsets (Promotion-Prevention (Promotion (Consequences…

- - - - Adoption of a deliberative mindset encourages people to think about what should be done. More deliberative individuals also consider the costs of pursuing different goals or courses of action. They carefully weigh the costs and benefits of pursuing particular goals before deciding on a course of action.
      - Characteristics
        
         Wide focus of attention
        
         Desire for more information
        
         Consideration of competing alternatives and points of view
      - Consequences
        
        Adoption of a more deliberative mindset is more appropriate in the planning phases of any project or endeavour, as it facilitates the careful consideration of multiple alternatives.
    - - Once a goal has been set, individuals or groups generally benefit from the adoption of a more implemental mindset. When adopting this mindset, individuals are primarily concerned with how the goal should be attained and how the associated plan should be implemented.
      - Characteristics
        
         Narrow focus of attention
        
         Rejection extraneous (non-goal-relevant) information
        
         Rejection of competing alternatives and points of view
      - Consequences
        
        Adoption of a more implemental mindset is more appropriate in the execution phase of any project or endeavor. It biases thought on goal attainability in an optimistic fashion, and increases perceptions of both self-efficacy and personal control.
  - - - promotion focus involves placing a greater emphasis on rewards, successes, and positive outcomes
      - Antecedents
        
        Attention to improvement needs
        
        Goals are seen as ideals : hopes and aspiration
        
        Situations signalling possible gains
      - Consequences
        
        Sensitivity to possible outcomes
        
        Motivational orientation is to attain gains
        
        Behavioral strategy is fast and eager
        
        Emotionality changes from cheerful to dejection
    - - A prevention-focused mindset is the inverse of promotion focus. Prevention focus involves placing greater emphasis on punishment, failure, and negative outcomes. This is analogous to fear of failure in the achievement domain, where individuals are motivated to achieve not in order to achieve success, but to avoid failure
      - Antecedents
        
        Attention to security needs
        
        Goals are seen as ought: obligations, responsibilities
        
        Situations signalling possible loss
      - Consequences
        
        Sensitivity to negative outcomes
        
        motivational orientation is to prevent losses
        
        behavioral strategy is cautious, vigilant
        
        emotionality ranges from calmness to agitation
    - - Promotion-focused individuals utilise a gain-based goal striving strategy, whereas prevention-focused individuals utilise a safety-based strategy. The former is more open-minded, exploratory, eager, and quick, whereas the latter is more cautious, committed, vigilant and slow.
  - - - Individuals with a growth mindset are also referred to as incremental theorists. The key difference between someone with a growth mindset and the fixed mindset is that individuals with a growth mindset see a causal connection between effort and improvements in ability. This means that if they work hard and persistently strive to improve, they will enhance their abilities or personal qualities
      - Effort
        
        As a consequence of this fundamental distinction, adoption of a growth mindset consistently leads people to exert more effort, since they believe that effort necessarily results in improvement.
    - - Individuals with a fixed mindset are also referred to as entity theorists. They tend to believe that qualities like intelligence are fixed by factors like genetics, and that people are therefore either good at something, or they are not
      - Effort
        
        Individuals with a fixed mindset also tend to assume that high effort betrays a lack of ability.
        
        These strategies inhibit performance and reinforce beliefs about the fixed nature of abilities. Because individuals with a fixed mindset rarely experience the improvements in performance that effort and practice would bring about, their fixed mindset operates as a self-fulfilling prophecy
    - - Specifically, it has been found that adopting a growth or fixed mindsets leads a person to set different achievement goals. Individuals with fixed mindsets generally adopt performance goals, whereas those with growth mindsets tend to adopt mastery goals.
        
        Mastery goal
        
        Develop competence
        
        Make progress
        
        Improve the self
        
        Overcome difficulties with effort and persistence
        
        Performance goal
        
        Prove competence
        
        Display high ability
        
        Outperform others
        
        Succeed with little apparent effort
        
        why mastery goal is better
        
         encourage preference for more difficult, challenging tasks (see Section 9.2.1)
        
         promote adoption of more effective conceptually based learning strategies
        
         facilitate intrinsic rather than extrinsic motivation
        
         encourage asking for help and more information
  - - - Change the behaviour so that it is consistent with the self-concept
      - Justify the behaviour by reducing the importance of the relevant aspect of the self-concept
      - Justify the behaviour by adding new elements to the self-concept
      - Ignore or deny the inconsistency with the self-concept