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Neuromuscular Junction (Background (Organ System (upper respiratory system…

- - - - It then cross the synapse and enters the presynaptic neuron terminal inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gaba and glycine.
        
        Spasm of the innervated muscle occur
  - - - Spores can get into the body through broken skin, through contaminated objects such as a nail or needle
        
        The patient was not up to date with the tetanus vaccine
        
        Being up to date with tetanus vaccination and good wound care are important to help prevent tetanus infection
- - - - Tetanus toxin causes the typical clinical manifestations of tetanus
        
        Interfering with the release of neurotransmitters and blocking inhibitor impulse.
        
        This leads to unopposed muscle contraction and spasm
        
        The spasm can be severe that it can tear the muscle
        
        Destruction of skeletal muscles
        
        Muscle protein leak into urine
        
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        Severe contractions can cause a compression fracture of the vertebrae
        
        Lockjaw
        
        neck stiffness
        
        Muscle Spasms Throat
        
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        Rigidity and spasms can lead to
        
        Opistotnus backward arching of the columna
        
        Respiratory Failure
        
        Rigidity and spasms of the the laryngeal
        
        Uncontrolled urination of defecation
        
        Infection can spread to brain
        
        Tetanic Seizures
        
        Lack of oxygen during spasms
        
        Brain damage
      - peripheral motor end plates, spinal cord, and brain, as well as in the sympathetic nervous system
- - - - Pneumonia
  - - - Breathing difficulties
        
        Suffocation
- - - - Air conditioning
        
        defense against pathogens
    - - Speech & other respiratory sounds
        
        Gas Exchange
        
        Maintenance of homeostasis
    - - Central Nervous System
        
        Controls must functions of the body and mind
        
        Brain
        
        The center of our thoughts, interpreter for our external environment
        
        Interprets information from our eyes, ears, nose, tounge, and skin as well as the internal organs such as the stomach
        
        spinal cord
        
        Highway for communication between the body and the brain
        
        Controls voluntary movement, such as speech and walking, and involuntary movements, such as blinking and breathing.
  - - - Unipolar
        
        Neurons with one extension off their cell body
      - Multipolar
        
        Neurons with multiple extensions from the cell body
      - Bipolar
        
        Neurons with two extensions from the cell body
    - - Sensory
        
        Neurons that transmit impulse receptors in the skin or organs
        
        Toward the central nervous system
      - Interneurons
        
        Neurons that conduct impulses within the CNS
        
        Integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output
      - Motor
        
        Neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors, such as muscles, organs, or glands
        
        A single motor neuron may send terminals to a number of muscle fibers
        
        Neuron decides to contract
        
        Neuron spits out ACH
        
        ACH goes down to chemically gated sodium channels
        
        Chemically gated sodium channels open
        
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  - - - EPSPs trigger depolarization in the post-synaptic membrane
        
        Neurotransmitters binding opens chemically gated ion channels.
        
        Allowing Na+ and K+ to pass simultaneously
        
        Electrical gradient for Na+ is bigger than for K+
        
        So more Na+ enters and K+ exits
        
        Depolarizarion
    - - IPSP's trigger hyperpolarization in the post-synaptic membrane
        
        Neurotransmitters binding opens chemically gated ion channels
        
        Allowing either K+ or Cl- to pass
        
        Hyperpolarization
    - - The combination of graded potentials in the post-synaptic neuron is known as summation
        
        No summation/Cancellation occurs when excitatory and inhibitory graded potentials cancel each other out (no threshold potential reached)
        
        Spatial summation occurs when EPSPs are generated from multiple presynaptic neurons simultaneously to reach threshold
        
        Temporal summation occurs when multiple EPSPs are generated from a single presynaptic neuron in quick succession
      - These summative effects determine which nerve pathways are activated and hence lead to alternate decision-making processes
  - - - Causes tetanus by producing a potent exotoxin that is intensely toxic to humans and animals
        
        Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction
        
        Internalized and transported retroaxonally to the spinal cord.
        
        Tetanus toxin blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction.
        
        Severe muscular spasms develop