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23 year old male with severe face & arm muscle spasms; patient can…

- - - - organs & organ systems affected:
        
        muscle
        
        muscular system
        
        direct: muscle spasms
        
        indirect: muscle damage
        
        bones
        
        skeletal system
        
        direct: muscle spasm & convulsions
        
        indirect: bone fractures
        
        respiratory tract
        
        respiratory system:
        
        direct: infection
        
        indirect: pneumonia
        
        brain
        
        nervous system
        
        indirect: brain damage
        
        direct: infection/lack of oxygen
        
        arteries
        
        cardiovascular system
        
        direct: can become blocked
        
        indirect: affecting circulation
        
        kidneys
        
        indirect: muscle protein leaked into urine leading to kidney failure
        
        direct: smooth muscle damage
        
        urinary system
        
        GI tract
        
        indirect: muscle damage
        
        direct: trouble swallowing or muscle spasms
        
        digestive system
        
        heart
        
        indirect: heart damage
        
        direct: change in heart rate
        
        cardiovascular system
        
        skin
        
        indirect: becoming too infected with the bacteria
        
        direct: deep puncture wound
        
        integumentary system
- - - - nervous sytsem
      - muscular system
      - integumentary system
      - respiratory system
      - skeletal system
      - cardiovascular system
      - digestive system
      - urinary system
    - - unipolar
        
        neurons with one extension off their cell body; they are commonly found in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
      - bipolar
        
        neurons with two extensions from cell body; neurons found in special sensory organs (retina of the eye)
      - multipolar
        
        neurons with multiple extensions from cell body; most abundant in body
    - - a neuron releases acetylcholine
      - chemically gated sodium channels
        
        not always open but opened by chemicals (ACh)
        
        sodium rushes in because there is more out (high to low concentration)
      - sarcolemma depolarizes
        
        charge is more positive due to action potential happening in t-tubules & spreading it to the membrane
        
        voltage sodium channel going in (channel only opened by charge)
        
        voltage potassium channel going out (channel only opened by charge)
      - Voltage gated calcium channels
        
        opened by charge change in the sarcolemma & released to attach to troponin
      - troponin
        
        regulatory protein it acts like a pin & binds with calcium
      - tropomyosin
        
        regulatory protein covering myosin binding sites
      - Cross bridge cycle
        
        cross bridge formation
        
        the power stroke
        
        cocking of the myosin head
        
        cross bridge detachment
    - - when a neuron uses more than one message to determine if it's going to depolarize
        
        Occurs in the axon hillock
      - no summation
        
        slow firing of esps that are far apart in time
      - temporal summation
        
        one neuron sending multiple messages
      - spatial summation
        
        more than one neuron sending more than one message
    - - excitatory postsyanptic potentials
        
        excitatory neurotransmitters that change the charge of the membrane
        
        opening sodium channels
      - Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
        
        inhibitory neurotransmitters that change the charge of the membrane
        
        opening potassium & chloride channels
    - - a soil bacterium that has spores that germinate and produces toxins; usually found in low oxygen environments; toxins reaching the spinal cord and causing problems in neurons
      - two types of toxins it produces
        
        tetanolysin
        
        function is unknown but known to contribute with tetanus
        
        tetanospasmin
        
        a neurotoxin causing tetanus
  - - - muscular system
        
        assist with movement
      - skeletal system
        
        provides body framework & protects organs
      - respiratory system
        
        gas exchange
      - cardiovascular system
        
        transports and circulates blood throughout the body
      - integumentary system
        
        external body covering
      - nervous system
        
        detects & responds to stimuli
      - urinary system
        
        eliminate waste from the body
      - digestive system
        
        break down of food
    - - interneurons
        
        neurons that integrate the sensory information in the central nervous system & predict the proper motor output
      - motor neurons
        
        neurons that carry impulse away from the central nervous system to effectors (muscle, organs, or glands)
      - sensory neurons
        
        neurons that detect impulses from sensory receptors in the skin/organs & send it toward the central nervous system
    - - action potential happens opening voltage gated sodium channels which lets sodium in depolarizing the membrane
        
        voltage gated potassium channels open letting potassium out to repolarize
      - t tubules allow ALL the parts of the muscle fiber to undergo action potential
      - chemically gated sodium channels open sodium rushes in depolarizing the sarcolemma
        
        chemically gated potassium channel opening letting potassium out to repolarize
      - the sarcoplasmic reticulum feels the charge change & releases the ion calcium
      - ACh attaches to chemically gated sodium channels in the sarcolemma
      - cross bridge cycle
        
        cross bridge formation
        
        the myosin head is energized and ready to bind
        
        the power stroke
        
        when actin & myosin slide past each other
        
        cross bridge detachment
        
        this is when ATP attaches to myosin so it can let go of actin and detach from each other
        
        re-cocking of the myosin head
        
        the myosin uses the ATP & hydrolyzes to form it into ADP to go back to its energized stage to do this process again
      - voltage gated calcium enters the axon terminals making neurotrasmitters releasing acetylcholine
      - calcium then binds to troponin & changed its shape (change shape can't do its function)
      - troponin "unpins" tropomyosin which then opens up the binding sites for actin and myosin to bind
    - - when a neuron uses more than one message to determine if it's going to depolarize
        
        occurs in the axon hillock
      - temporal summation
        
        when one message from one neuron is being sent
        
        it it is enough ESPS it can cause to reach treshold
      - spatial summation
        
        when you receive more than one message from more than one neuron
        
        if it is enough ESPS it can reach treshold
        
        mixture of ESPS & ISPS they can cancel each other out
    - - excitatory postsynaptic potential
        
        caused by excitatory neurotransmitters that cause the membrane to depolarize
        
        opening sodium channels can cause this letting sodium in can depolarize
      - inhibitory postsynaptic potential
        
        caused by inhibitory neurotransmitters that cause the membrane to hyperpolarize
        
        opening chloride and potassium channels can cause the charge to hyperpolarize
    - - bacteria usually found in soil (low oxygen level places) which has spores that produce toxins such as tetanospasmin that cause tetanus
      - process
        
        bacteria enters and release tetanospasmin
        
        they also develop spores which make more of the toxin
        
        toxin enters the bloodstream
        
        through the blood they reach motor neurons
        
        which then enter terminal bulbs traveling up the axon to the cell body in the spinal cord
        
        then they reach into the motor neurons and block inhibitory neurotransmitters from being released
        
        Inhibitory neurotransmitters not being released it can't intervine with excitatory neurotransmitters during summation
        
        the interneuron can't control motorneuron
        
        enough excitatory neurotransmitters causes the neuron to send message & pass it on
        
        so without inhibitory neurotransmitters there is a lot of excitatory neurotransmitters causing muscle to contract too much