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Classification and systematics (Other types of classification…
Classification and systematics
Level of taxonomic categories
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Determining the species
Karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology
Their behavior and ecological niche.
If they can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring they are of same species
Organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes
Determining the genera
A group of animals or plants with similar traits, qualities or features.
The genus comes first in the name and is the more inclusive group of organisms.
Natural system of Nomenclature
Plants names are assigned on the basis of their phylogenetic appearence
Combines two names into one to give all species unique scientific names.
Closely related organisms are classified together
7 major categories
Order
Family
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Species
Genus
Other types of classification
Classification for fossils
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Goal is to identify fossil, its ancestor and their relatives
Similar one are grouped together for convenience
Combines features of both natural and artificial
Artificial system
Eg- All plants with white flowers are grouped togetner
Trees are grouped together, herbs , shrubs, vines and so on
Several key character, often easy to observe are chosen, color, habitat
Cladistics
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Cladogram and taxonomic categories
Categorization of organisms based on shared traits
Branches on a phylogenetic tree can be proportional to the amount of change or evolutionary time.
A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade
Helps in analyzing the phylogenetic, evolutionary relationship
Cladistics is based on the homologous features
Study of phylogeny centers on examining the similarity of one species to another
Understanding cladogram
Node represents the divergent of one taxon into two
Clade:- Group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor
Each point at which a cladogram branches is a Node
Root shows the ancestor that all organisms in the cladogram share
Major lines of evolution
Origin of life
simple organisms consisting of cell membrane, protoplasm RNA and no distinct nucleus
Conversion of prokaryote into a eukaryote
Probably about 3.5 billions years ago
Gradual conversion process
Early eukaryotes were classified in kingdom Protista
Organisms became advanced containing Mitochondria, ER and true Nucleus
Because most organisms are in intermediate state of prokaryote and eukaryote
Organisms are grouped in 3 domains
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
Taxonomic studies
Naming
Identified by both a generic name and a species name
Example-: Homo sapiens
It must be identified which genus it belongs to and why and species name is added
Classifying
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By comparing with similar types of organism
Should include designation of type specimen
Determining kingdom, phylum and class
Descibing
The structure of the cell, internal and external structure
Ecological information and development processes
Haunting for describing new plants is going on