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Skinny male cant gain weight and having severe cramping (DownStream (skips…
Skinny male cant gain weight and having severe cramping
BackGround
Anatomy
Skeletal muscle structure
calcium-regulated molecular motors
myofibrils
myoglobin
striations
sarcoplasm
sarcolemma
sacromere
myofilaments
thin
actin
Thick
myosin
Muscle attachments
insertion
attachment to movable bone
origin
attachment to immovable or less movable bone
indirect
connective tissue wappring
tendon or aponeurosis
Direct
epimysium fused to Periostium/perichondium
Three types of muscle tissue
smooth muscle
visceral
involuntary
non-striated
cardiac muslce
heart muscle
striated
involuntary
skeletal muscle
striated and voluntary
cross bridge cycle
myosin
actin
troponin
Tropomyosin
ADP+P & ATP
muscle development
myoblast
myotube
skeletal muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction
junctional folds of sarcolemma
part where neuron connects to muscle
acetylcholine
sodium and potassium
voltage gated Calcium channels
sarcolemma
Action potential
axon terminal
synaptic cleft
Physiology
Neuromuscular junction
ACh is released by exosytosis
ACh binds to receptors on sarcoplasma of muscle fiber
action potential arrives at axon terminal
calcium causes ACh to be released
calcium enters through axon terminal
ACh are degenerated by acytolcholinesterase
sodium enters and potassium exists in muscle fibers
Muscle contraction
proper control of skeletal movement
increase frequency
causes temporal stimulation
greater strength of contraction
temporal stimulation
temporal summation
unfused tetanus
individual twitch
fused tetanus
increase strength
causes recruitment
more motor neurons are active
stronger contraction
isometric
muscle does not shorten
tension builds
peak tension-producing capacity
isotonic
enough tension to lift a load
muscle shortens
making ATP
anaerobic pathway
glucose
glycolysis
ATP
pyruvic acid
lactic acid
aerobic pathway
glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + ATP
direct phosphorylation
creatine phosphate + ADP
creatine + ATP
Muscle development
myoblast fuse together
from myotube
myotube matures
forms into skeletal muscle fiber
embryonic mesoderm
myoblast cell divide
Muscle twitch
muscle response to signal stimulation
three phases
period of contraction
cross bridges active
peek of tension
period of relaxation
active cross-bridges decline
muscle contracts faster than it relaxes
Latent period
cross bridge begins to cycle
no muscle contraction
excitation-contraction coupling is occurring.
Muscle functions
Produce movement
stabilize joints
maintain posture
generate heart
Characteristics of muscle tissue
Elasticity
recoil and resume its resting length
Contractility
ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
Extensibility
extend or stretch
Excitability
ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
Cross bridge cycle
myosin attaches to actin
adp+p are release causing a pull towards M line
ATP attaches to myosin, detaching from actin
cocking of the head releases ATP to ADP+P
calcium binds to troponin attaching myosin to tropomyosin
Three types of muscle tissue
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muslce
Excitation-contraction coupling
action potential
down the T tubules
calcium ions release
binds to troponin
tropomyosin Is removed from blocking
contraction
myosin binds to actin
steroids
abused in athletes
increase in bone mass
increase muscle mass
causes
hair loss
liver damage
acne
connective tissue sheeths
Epimysium
surrounds the whole muscle
Endomysium
surrounds each individual muscle fiber
Perimysium
Surrounding each fascicle
DownStream
skips meals
low glucose
not enough calories
weight loss
vegan diet
low protein intake
low rate of muscle growth
no off days
no recovery
no muscle growth
drinking only water
no electrolytes
dehydration
fatigue
cramps
UpStream
direct upstream
muscle cramps
no muscle hypotrophy
weight loss
indirect upstream
rest days
include electrolyte drink
eat more protein
include more protein into diet