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Sexual Development & Behaviour (Endocrine System (gonads (hormones…
Sexual Development & Behaviour
Endocrine System
exocrine glands
release chemicals to ducts -> carry them mostly to surface of body
endocrine glands
release directly into circulatory system
hormones
steroid hormones (synthesised from cholesterol)
gonads
male: testes
females: ovaries
hormones
androgens: testosterone
estrogens: estradiol
progestins: progesterone
adrenal coretx
outer layer of adrenal gland
regulation of glucose & salt levels in blood
Hypothalamus
controls pituitary by
posterior pituitary
vasopression (antidiuretic hormone)
oxytocin
anterior pituitary
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormones & Sexual Development
Turner Syndrome
X0 genotype
random error due to parental meiosis
normal female external appearance
some issues with fertility
short stature with folds of skin at neck
normal intelligence, some spatial and memory deficits
Klinefelter Syndrome
47 XXY
male external appearance
require hormonal treatment at puberty
reduced fertility
normal intelligence
social awkwardness
delayed or reduced verbal skills
Jacob Syndrome
47 XYY "super male"
tall, lean, acne & subtle physical abnormalities
intelligence slightly below that of 'typical' XY males
fertile but likelihood of producing abnormal sperm
may correlate higher rates of antisocial & criminal
Sexual Development
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
46, XY
genetic defect in androgen receptor
inability of male foetus to respond to testosterone
disrupts normal development of Wolffian system
normal testes that remain undescended
genetic males but phenotypic females with female gender identity
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
results from excess foetal androgens from adrenal gland
masculinisation of female foetuses
external genitalia become masculinised
Sexual Maturation
puberty associated with secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH induces secretion from anterior pituitary of FSH & LH
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
affects males ability to produce 5-alpha-reductase
hormone converts testosterone to 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone: responsible for masculinisation of external genitalia in foetus
typically raised as females
Organisational effects of Androgens on Behaviour
Behavioural Defeminisation
Behavioural Masculinisation
Sexual Dimorphism in the brain
exposure to prenatal androgens masculinises the brain as well as the internal & external reproductive systems
Sex Differences in Behaviour & Cognition
personality: females higher empathy than males
Sexual Orientation
homosexuality not due to variations in level of sex hormones
Romantic love & sexual desire
insula
caudal activity associated with sexual desire
rostral activity associated with romantic love
sexually dimorphic pituitary hormones
oxytocin: more by females
vasopression: more by males