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Clostridium tetani (Background information (Physiology (Process of…
Clostridium tetani
Background information
Anatomy
Nervous system
Communicating system of body
Master controlling body
Divide into two principal part
Central nervous system (CNS)
Spinal cord
Brain
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside the CNS
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Has two functional divisions
Sensory (afferent) division
Somatic sensory fibers
Visceral sensory fibers
Motor (efferent) division
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Involuntary nervous system
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Neurons
are structural units of nervous system
Classification of neurons
Multipolar
Several dendrites and 1 axon
Bipolar
1 main dendrite and 1 axon
Unipolar
One T-like process (two axons)
Muscular system
Skeletal muscle tissue
Striated
Voluntary muscle
Packaged into skeletal muscle
Organs attached to bones and skin
Cylindrical
Pwerful
Cardiac muscle muscle tissue
Striated
Involuntary muscle
Found in heart
Branching of cells
Smooth muscle tissue
Not striated
Involuntary muscle
Spindle shape
Found in hollow organs
Depending on effect of chemical synapse
There are two types of postsynaptic potential
EPSP
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Local depolarization of the post synaptic membrane
IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
Summation
The process adding things up
Adding up the process of multiple stimuli
Generating an action potential
There are two types of summations
Temporal summation
Successive stimuli on one nerve
Spatial summation
The addition of simultaneous stimili from several conducting fibers
Clostridium tetani
Produce Tetanus toxin
Excitation contraction coupling
Events that transmit AP along sarcolemma (excitation) are coupled to sliding of myofilaments (contraction
Physiology
Nervous system
Has overlapping function
Sensory input
Collect information about internal and external change
Intergration
Processing and interpretation of sensory input
Motor output
Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response
Central nervous system (CNS)
Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of body
Sensory (afferent) division
Conducts impulse from receptors to the CNS
Somatic sensory fibers
Convey impulse from skin, skeletal muscle and joint to CNS
Visceral sensory fibers
Convey impulse from visceral organs to CNS
Motor (efferent) division
Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs
Somatic nervous system
Conduct impulse from CNS to skeletal muscle
Autonomic nervous system
Conducts impulse from CNS to cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
Sympathetic division
Mobilized body system during activity
Parasympathetic division
Conserves energy
Promotes house-keeping functions during rest
Muscular system
Produce heat movement
Smooth muscle tissue
Movement of substances
Skeletal muscle tissue
Heat production
Motion
Posture
Cardiac muscle tissue
Pumps blood to the rest of the body
Functional classification of neurons
Sensory neurons
Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS
Motor neurons
Carry impulses from CNS to effectors
Interneurons
Connect sensory neurons and motor neurons
Process of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
ACh released from motor neurons bind to ACh receptors on sarcolemma
An Action Potential is propagate along sarcolemma and down into T tubles
Voltage-sensitive protein in T-tubules change shape
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ to cytosol
Ca2+ bind to troponin
Cross bridge form between actin and myosin
AChE removes ACh from the synaptic cleft.
Ca2+ is pumped back into Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Tropomyosin binds active site on actin causing the cross bridge detach.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
Neurotransmitter binding open chemically gated ion channel
Allow Na+ and K+ pass simultaneously.
The electrical chemical gradient for Na+ bigger than for K+
More Na+ enters than K+ exits
Result is depolarization
Move neurons to threshold ( make it more positive)
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
Neurotransmitters biding open chemically gated ion channels
Allow either K+ or Cl- to pass
Result is hyperpolarization
Moves neuron father away from threshold (make it more negative)
Process of summation
Neurotransmitters are released
Can cause
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (depolarization)
An inhibitory postsynaptic potentials ( hyperpolarization)
If these changes add together
Lead to the neuron reaching threhold
Cause Action Potential
Temporal Summation
The axon terminal released neurotransmitter
Cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
If it sends that signal and another one quickly (close in time)
Cause a membrane potential to go up and up
Reach the threshold
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Spatial Summation
1 neuron are connected to two other axon terminal
2 Presynaptic neurons fire at the samtime
EPSP are generated at different locations on the neuron
Membrane potential go up
Reach the threshold
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Tetanus impacts the neuromuscular junction
Bound at the preynaptic terminals of neuromuscular jucnction
It is transported by motor neurons to the spinal cord
Transferred to inhibitory presynaptic terminals surrounding the motor neurons
toxin destroyed a vesicular synaptic membrane protein
Resulting in inactivation of inhibitory neurotransmission
Enhanced excitability and activation of the affected motor neurons
Effect
Nervous system
Attack the nervous system
Causing convulsive spasms muscle
Muscular system
Muscle spasm and stiffness
Painful muscular contraction
Lockjaw
Masseter
Neck
Trunk
Extremities
Indirect cause
The patient got the tattoo from sketchy tattoo parlor
The patient never vaccinated against this bacterium
Direct cause
The toxin tetanus entered the bloodstream
Toxin reach motor neurons via bloodstream
Toxin fire the terminal bulb
The toxin travels towards the spinal cord and reach neuron cell body in spinal cord
Interfere with the action of the inhibitory interneuron
The toxin prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
The interneurons can no longer control the motor neuron
Motor neurons fire constantly
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