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Muscular Natalia Panuco Period 7 (Name of Muscles (Stenocleidomastoi…
Muscular Natalia Panuco Period 7
Major Functions of the Muscular System
2) Posture- Maintain body position
-Stabilizing joints, body posture, regulate organ volume
3) Thermogenesis= Heating production
-Contraction produces heat; helps with homeostasis
1) Motion/Movement= Change in body position
-Also movement of substances within the body
3 Types of Muscle Tissues and their Major Functions/Characteristics
Cardiac Muscles
Cells are long, cylindrical, branched, and has single central nucleus
Striated
- Visible banding
Forms the heart wall
Involuntary- can't consciously control it
Joined to another cell at
intercalated discs
Interconnected nature of cardiac muscle cells allows heart to circulate blood throughout body
Smooth Muscles
AKA
visceral muscles
Cells are spindle-shaped with single central nucleus and has no striations, appears smooth
Found mainly in hollow walls of organs, such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary, and reproductive organs
Involuntary
Controls movement inside internal organs
Skeletal Muscles
Cells are long, cylindrical, parallel, and multinucleated
Attached by tendons to bone
Striated
- Visible banding/stripes
Voluntary- Subject to conscious control
Makes up about 40-50% of body weight ("Red Meat")
Body Movement terminology
Adduction- Movement of limb toward the midline
Circumduction- Proximal end of a limb is stationary and the distal end moves in circle
Abduction- Movement of limb away from midline
Dorsiflexion- Lifting the superior surface of foot towards shin
Roatation- Movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis
Plantar Flexion- Pointing toe
Hyperextension- Extension beyond 180 degrees
Inversion- Turn sole of foot medially
Extension- Movement that increases angle of joint
Eversion- Turn sole of foot laterally
Flexion- Movement the decreases angle of joint
Supination- Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
Pronation- Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
Opposition- Movement of thumb to touch tips of other fingers
Name of Muscles
Stenocleidomastoid: the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle.
Trapezius: the base of the skull to the middle of the back.
Teres Major: on the underside of the upper arm, in the area between the shoulder and elbow.
Deltoid: the uppermost part of the arm and the top of the shoulder
Infraspinatus: the posterior aspect of the scapula
Serratus Anterior: surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula
Triceps Branchiion the scapula (shoulder blade) and two locations on the humerus (bone of upper arm)
Rectus Abdominis: the front of the body, beginning at the pubic bone and ending at the sternum
Brachioradialis: in the forearm
iliopsoas: toward the front of the inner hip
Sartorius: anterior region of the thigh
Adductor Longus: thigh
Gracilis: the external point of the ischiopubic ramus (on the pubic bone) and extends down to the upper medial (middle) shaft of the tibia, or shinbone
Tibialis Anterior: upper two-thirds of the lateral (outside) surface of the tibia
Gastrocnemius: back portion of the lower leg, being one of the two major muscles that make up the calf
Rectus Femoris: middle of the front of the thigh
Pectoralis Major: upper chest
Bicep Brachii: the anterior region of the upper arm
External Oblique: outer surface of the sides of the abdomen
Flexor Carpi Radialis: the anterior part of the forearm
Structure and Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscles
Insertion
- The end of a muscle attached to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts
Body
- Main part of the muscle
Orgin
- The end of a muscle that attaches to the bone that does not move when contraction of the muscle occurs
Ligaments
- Strong cords of fibrous connective tissue that attache bone to bone
Skeletal muscles attach to one bone, then span across a joint to attach to another bone
Tendons
- Strong cords of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bone
Each skeletal muscle is an organ composed mainly of skeletal muscle cells and connective tissue
Bursae
- Synovial-lined sacs containing synovial fluid; located between some tendons and underlying bones
Physiology of Muscle Contractions
3) Myosin head attaches to actin, forming actin/myosin crossbridges
4) Myosin head moves toward M line of sarcomere, pulling actin filaments past myosin
2) Ca++ binds to actin myofilament, exposing the myosin binding site
5) This actin is repeated many times powered by ATP (ATP needed to release myosin heads from actin)
1) Nerve impulse or actin potential travels down sarcolemma and into T- Tubules, causing sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++ into sarcoplasm
6) Z lines get closer together as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, and sarcomeres shorten (H zone disappears), shortening the entire myofibrils