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23 year old male with Clostridium tetani experiencing facial and arm…
23 year old male with Clostridium tetani experiencing facial and arm spasms after being infected with a dirty tattoo needle
Physiology
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Summation: A neuron determines whether it should depolarize or not by using more than one message to reach threshold (-55mV). Occurs at the axon hillock where there are voltage-gated ion channels. Voltage-gated sodium channels open in axon when depolarization happens in the axon hillock and the change in action potential travels across the membrane
Temporal Summation: A presynaptic neuron fires rapidly, sending more than one of the same EPSP's close enough in time to bring it to threshold
Spatial Summation: More than one presynaptic neurons fire the same EPSP's rapidly at the same time. Messages are able to add together to reach threshold
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Spatial Summation of EPSP's and IPSP's: More than one presynaptic neuron fires DIFFERENT messages ( EPSP's AND IPSP's) which causes them to cancel each other out. Threshold is not reached therefore depolarization cannot happen
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Clostridium Tetani
Tetanospasmin: Toxin is spread across synapses to the presynaptic inhibitory motor neuron where it attaches to gangliosides. Toxin then blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (Glycine and GABA) which causes muscle spasms
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Organ Systems/Organs
Lymphatic System
Spleen: neurotransmitter blockage results in ineffective antibodies. White blood cells are unable to fight off infection
Nervous System
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Spinal Cord: Severely infected patients may experience an uncontrollable arch in the spine as a result of muscle spasms
Muscular System
Skeletal Muscle: Blockage of neurotransmitter release causes compulsive spasms, muscle contraction, and stiffness throughout the body. Lockjaw is commonly known to occur
Respiratory System
Lungs: Breathing may become difficult and even life threatening as chest wall and larynx can be severely affected by spasms
Muscle Spasms
Direct Cause: Tetanospasmin (toxin) binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction which is blocked from being able to release glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitters) from spinal inhibitory interneurons
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