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Crime is an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is…
Crime
is an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law.
Punishments
are the process by which someone faces a penalty as retribution for an offence they have committed
Deterrence
has the aim to discourage someone from doing something. Pain/pleasure of crime
Retribution
is the idea that a punishment should be equal in severity to the crime itself
Rehabilitation
is the idea we that we can restore someone to a normal life through therapy/support/training
Societal protection
involves making an offender unable to commit further crimes (physical and geographic incap.)
Factors influencing crime
include low education, mental health issues, lack of employment, increasing availability of alcohol/drugs
Crime
cannot be labelled until there is a response from society
Victimless crime eg. drug selling or sex work. Both parties consent
White collar crime is carried out by privileged classes eg. embezzlement
Crimes against property eg. destruction of homes/cars
Crimes against person eg. threatening, injuring, harrassing
Corporate crime eg. false advertising, pollution
John Braithwaite's shaming theory
Stigmatisation shaming
is the powerful disapproval/rejection based on traits that negatively distinguish them from society. Individual is considered an outcast. Both crime and person are bad.
Reintegrative shaming
involves respectful disapproval that labels person as good but action as bad. Aims to reintroduce individual into society
Imprisonment in other nations
USA imprisons more or population than any other country
Nordic countries: deprivation of liberty is punishment enough
Sentencing principles/purposes/factors
Factors
current sentencing practices, hatred or prejudice, pleaded guilty or not
Purposes
deterrence, rehab, comm. protection
Principles
Parity, parsimony, proportionality, totality
Restorative justice
aims to repair harm caused by criminal behaviour while including all stakeholders. Promotes active roles within all parties