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A 23-year old male is suffering from a tattoo infection with Clostridium…

- - - - Lack of knowledge
      - Careless
      - Unsterilized needles & equipments
    - - Due to
        
        Toxin interference with the release of neurotransmitters
        
        At the presynaptic terminals
        
        Block inhibitory neurotransmission
- - - - Integumentary system
        
        Hair
        
        Nails
        
        Function
        
        External body covering
        
        Protect deeper tissues from injury
        
        Synthesize vitamin D
        
        Houses cutaneous receptors
        
        Houses sweat glands & oil glands
        
        Skin
        
        Superficial region
        
        Epidermis
        
        Epithelial tissue
        
        Melanocytes
        
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        Dendritic cells (Langerhans)
        
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        Keratinocyte
        
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        Tactile Cells (Merkel cells)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Function
        
        Protective shielding of body
        
        Nutrients obtained from blood vessels in dermis
        
        Layers
        
        Strata lucidum (thick skin)
        
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        Strata granulusm
        
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        Strata spinosum
        
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        Strata corneum (outermost)
        
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        Strata basale
        
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        Deepest region
        
        Hypodermis
        
        Adipose tissues
        
        Shock absorber
        
        Deeper region
        
        Dermis
        
        Vascularized
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        Papillary dermis (uppermost layer)
        
        Areolar connective tissue
        
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        Contain
        
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        Reticular dermis (underlying layer)
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Dermal vascular plexus
        
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        Extracellular matrix
        
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        Layer for tattoo needles
      - Muscular system
        
        Function
        
        Locomotion
        
        Produces heat
        
        Maintain posture
        
        Facial expressions
        
        3 types of muscle tissues
        
        Cardiac
        
        Involuntary
        
        Striated
        
        Heart
        
        Skeletal
        
        Voluntary
        
        Striated
        
        Skeletal muscle
        
        Muscle connected to tendon
        
        Organ level of muscle
        
        Epimysium
        
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        Smooth
        
        Internal organs
        
        Involuntary
        
        Non-striated
      - Lymphatic system
        
        Red bone marrow
        
        Thymus
        
        Lymphatic vessels
        
        Thoracic duct
        
        Lymph nodes
        
        Function
        
        Return leaked fluid into blood vessels
        
        Diposes debris in lymphatic stream
        
        Houses white blood cells
        
        Attack against foreign substances within body
        
        Innate Immunity
        
        First line of defense
        
        Skin layers traps pathogen
        
        Lysosomal enzymes break down bacteria
        
        Stomach acid kills microbes
        
        Symbiotic bacteria outcompete pathogenic bacteria
        
        Cilia in respiratory tract sweep debris & pathogens
        
        Cells involved
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        Macrophages
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Basophils
        
        Dendritic cells
        
        Generalized immune response
        
        Mast cells release histamine
        
        Dilate blood vessels
        
        Adaptive immunity
        
        Target specific antigens
        
        MHC molecules recognize self proteins from non-self
        
        MHC I
        
        MHC II
        
        Classes of antibodies
        
        IgM
        
        IgA
        
        IgE
        
        IgD
        
        IgG
        
        3 Mechanisms used by antibodies
        
        Neutralization
        
        Opsonization
        
        Complement activation
        
        Primary lymphatic tissues
        
        Bone marrow
        
        B-cell production
        
        Thymus
        
        T-cells maturation
        
        Pathogens that prove immune response:
        
        Bacteria
        
        Fungi
        
        Parasites
        
        Viruses
      - Nervous system
        
        Brain
        
        Nerves
        
        Spinal Cord
        
        Function
        
        Control system of the body
        
        Respond to internal & external changes
        
        Activates muscle & glands
        
        Divided into
        
        Central nervous system (CNS)
        
        Brain & spinal cord
        
        Neuroglia cells (4)
        
        Astrocytes
        
        Microglial cells
        
        Ependymal cells
        
        Oligodendrocytes
        
        Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
        
        Sensory (afferent)
        
        Conduct impulse from receptors to CNS
        
        Motor (efferent)
        
        Somatic nervous system
        
        Impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
        
        Autonomic nervous system
        
        Cranial nerves & spinal nerves
        
        Neuroglia cells (2)
        
        Satellite cells
        
        Schwann cells
      - Cardiovascular system
        
        Heart
        
        Blood vessels
        
        Functions
        
        Transports blood
        
        Carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes
        
        Heart pumps blood throughout body
  - - - Biological amines
      - Neurotransmitters involved in muscle contraction
        
        Acetylcholine
      - Amino acids
      - Peptides
      - Purines
      - Gases & lipids
    - - Twitch
        
        Single stimulation
        
        Caused by one motor neuron
      - Summation
        
        Multiple stimulations of muscle contractions
        
        Multiple motor neurons
      - Tetany
        
        Unfused tetanus
        
        Relaxation between stimuli during muscle contraction
        
        Fused tetanus
        
        Sustained contraction and no relaxation between stimuli
    - - 1) Membrane-bound vesicle migrate to plasma membrane
      - 2) Protein at vesicle surface (v-SNAREs)
        
        bind with t-SNAREs of plasma membrane protein
      - 3) Vesicles and plasma membrane fuse
        
        Pore opens up
      - Vesicle content are released to the cell exterior
    - - 1) Events at neuromuscular junction:
        
        Brain sends an Action potential to motor neuron
        
        Motor neuron in spinal
        
        AP travel along the motor neuron to axon terminal
        
        Neuromuscular Junction
        
        Ca2+ channel open
        
        Ca+ enter axon terminal
        
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        Contain folds
        
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        Contain synaptic vesicles
        
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      - 2) Muscle fiber excitation:
        
        End plate potential
        
        Wave of depolarization
        
        Open voltage-gated Na+ channel
        
        Propagate AP
        
        Spread to adjacent sarcolemma
        
        Repolarization
        
        Voltage-gated Na+ channel close
        
        Voltage-gated K+ open
        
        Restore negatively charged inside cell
      - 3) Excitation- contraction coupling:
        
        AP travels along sarcolemma
        
        Down T- tubules of triad
        
        Contain
        
        Voltage-senstive tubule proteins
        
        Triggered by AP
        
        1 more item...
      - 4) Cross Bridge cycling:
        
        1) Cross bridge formation:
        
        Myosin attach to actin
        
        2) Power stroke
        
        ADP & Pi are released from myosin
        
        myosin head bends
        
        actin filament pulled toward M line
        
        I band shorten
        
        H zone disappear
        
        A band move closer together
        
        Distance between Z-discs shorten
        
        3) Cross bridge detachment:
        
        ATP attach to myosin
        
        Myosin & actin weakens
        
        Myosin head detach
        
        4) Cocking of the myosin head:
        
        Myosin hydrolyzes ADP to
        
        ADP & Pi
        
        Causing myosin to return to
        
        Pre-stroke high energy
    - - Anaerobic gram-negative bacteria
      - Tetanus Disease
        
        Stiffness in muscle
        
        Interfere with nerves that control muscle movement
        
        Lockjaw
        
        Stiffness of neck
        
        Difficulty swallowing
        
        Rigidity of abdominal muscle
      - Produces spores
        
        Exotoxins produced:
        
        Tetanospasmin
        
        Neurotoxin
        
        Tetanus
        
        Transports by motor neuron
        
        to spinal cord
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hemolysin
        
        Unknown function
        
        Enters body through open wounds
        
        Produced & disseminated via
        
        Blood
        
        Lymphatics
    - - Multipolar
        
        Multiple processes connected to cell body
        
        in CNS
      - Unipolar
        
        1 neuronal process connected to cell body
        
        in PNS
      - Bipolar
        
        2 neuronal processes connected to cell body
        
        In retina & cochlea of ear
      - Triggering a neuron:
        
        Dendrites of neurons triggered by stimulus or chemical
        
        Localized graded potenial
        
        Excitatory post synaptic potential
        
        Chemically ion-gated channels open on dendrites
        
        Na+ enter cell and depolarization occurs
        
        Inhibitory post synaptic potential
        
        Chemically gated ion-channels open on dendrites
        
        K+ leaves or Cl- enter cells
        
        1 more item...
      - Chemical synapse
        
        1) Action potential arrives at axon terminals
        
        2) Voltage-gated Ca+2 channel open
        
        Ca+ enter the axon terminal
        
        3) Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters by exocytosis
        
        4) Neurotransmitters diffuse into synaptic cleft of postsynaptic neuron
        
        Bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
        
        5) Binding of neurotransmitters
        
        open ion channels
        
        graded potentials
        
        6) Neurotransmitter effects are terminated
        
        by astrocytes or presynaptic terminal
        
        Neurotransmitter is stored or destroyed
        
        Transmit signals between neurons
- - - - For 60 years of age
      - Unvaccinated individuals
    - - Exotoxins produced by C. tetani:
        
        Tetanospasmin
        
        Neurotoxin
        
        Tetanus
        
        Transports by motor neuron
        
        to spinal cord
        
        Then transfered to inhibitory presynaptic terminals
        
        2 more items...
        
        Hemolysin
        
        Unknown function