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Acute brain disorder (Central nervous system (CNS)： must be shielded from…

- - - - oxygen supply is decreased：
        1.Oxidative phosphorylation impaired
        2.Restricts anaerobic production of ATP
        
        about 5 to 10 minutes of complete occlusion → brain damage
      - Mitochondrial energy failure
        
        severely overloaded with calcium
        
        activates enzymes (phospholipases) that damage mitochondrial membrane
        
        Ca ↑
    - - Oxygen → oxygen free radical formation
      - flow of blood → invade inflammatory cells
      - erratic transfer of electrons to oxygen →oxygen products→ free radicals→ damaging cell structures
      - capillary endothelial cells are injured→ interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor (TNF)→increase neutrophils ⇒ contribute to brain inflammation
      - Trauma and inflammation → promote platelet aggregation→ reduction in perfusion and worsening of ischemia
- - - - the cell body containing cellular organelles
      - the dendrites that receive signals and conduct them to the cell body
      - the axon that generates and conducts action potentials
    - - Multipolar neurons
      - Bipolar neurons
      - Unipolar neurons
    - - electrical synapses：
        Postsynaptic neurons have receptors for these neurotransmitters and respond by changing the flow of ions through channels in the cell membrane.
  - - - serve many functions in the CNS
      - contact the brain capillaries and help maintain the integrity of the blood brain barrier.
      - regulate ionic balance of the interstitial fluid
      - influence the transfer of nutrients from capillaries to neurons
      - participate in nervous system signaling and have been shown to take up and release molecules
    - - from the monocyte-macrophage cell type
      - provide phagocytic functions within the CNS
    - - producing CSF and maintaining the CSF brain barrier
- - - - HSV-1 encephalitis occurs in healthy and immunocompromised adults.
      - HSV-2 can be transmitted to neonates during vaginal delivery
      - across the blood-brain barrier, the virus enters the neurons and disrupts cellular functioning, causing bleeding and inflammation
    - - fever,headache, seizure, confusion, stupor, and coma.
      - Hallucinations, personality changes, and psychotic behavior
      - CT and MRI may show characteristic scattered hemorrhages with surrounding edema.
    - - Supportive and symptomatic
      - Seizures control
      - Steroids control
      - analgesics
- - - - Manifestations：
        headache
        Vomiting
        drowsiness—>consciousness decreases
        blurry vision
        impaired of pupil respons
        exhibit altered respiratory patterns unresponsive to stimulation ,
        unable to move,
        verbalize,
        open the eyes.
        
        Brain Compression and Herniation