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UNIVERSAL NEEDS AND INDIVIDUAL MOTIVES (Self determination theory (The…

- - - - Internal Perceived Locus of Causality
        
        The perceived locus of causality (PLOC) for a given behaviour can be either internal or external, depending on whether an individual believes their actions were caused primarily by their own motives (internal PLOC) or by external environmental factors beyond their control (external PLOC). Individuals who generally experience an internal PLOC are referred to as origins, while those who tend to experience an external PLOC are referred to as pawns1.
      - Volition
        
        Volition is defined as a feeling of freedom.
      - Perceived Choice over One’s Actions
        
        A person who perceives choice in their actions believes they can make decisions that affect their involvement. Such persons believe they are free to choose whether to commence or continue their activities
    - - Nurture inner motivational resources
      - Provide explanatory rationales
      - Listen empathetically and rely on informational language
      - Displaying patience
      - Acknowledging and accepting expressions of negative affect
  - - - Optimal challenge
        
        When a task is optimally challenging (i.e., neither too easy nor too difficult), we feel interested, engaged, and motivated. Such tasks support the need for competence, and individuals actively seek out environments that present these kinds of challenges.
        Optimal challenge is dependent not only appropriate difficulty, but also on the presence of feedback. An individual experiences optimal challenge when performing a challenging task AND receiving feedback on their performance. Thus
      - Flow
        
        Flow is a state of extreme enjoyment and concentration that arises when a person is completely absorbed and involved in an activity. Flow can only occur under conditions of optimal challenge, when a person’s skill matches the difficulty of the task at hand.
        
        As a final point, it should be noted that experience of flow is much more likely under conditions of high skill and high challenge than under conditions of low skill and low challenge.
        
        appropriately matches challenge with skill, AND…
        
        is at least moderately challenging
      - Conditions that satisfy/enhance competence
        
        Task structure
        
        Clear goals
        
        Unambiguous Feedback
        
        Unambiguous feedback
        
         the task itself
        
         comparison of one’s current performance to past performance
        
         comparison of one’s current performance to the performance of others
        
         evaluations made by other people
  - - - For social interactions to be need satisfying, they must occur in the context of a relationship characterised by genuine care and affection. Close, need-satisfying relationships are referred to as communal relationships
- - - - Psychological needs
      - intrinsic motivation
      - developmental tendencies
      - interests and goals
      - curiosity
      - internalised types of extrinsic motivation
    - - affordances
      - External events
      - relationships
      - community and culture
  - - - When a need supportive environment allows for the internalisation of extrinsic motivation, the resulting positive outcome is referred to as synthesis. This harmony between the person and the environment yields many positive outcomes, such as engagement, developmental growth, health, and well-being
    - - This results in a person’s actions being governed by externalised forms of extrinsic motivation that are inconsistent with their own interests and goals. This negative outcome is referred to as conflict: a highly aversive state that results in negative outcomes such as defiance, developmental regression, alienation, and ill-being.
- - - - As a result of operant conditioning, individuals will engage in approach-related behaviours in the presence of incentives, and will engage in avoidance-related behaviours in the presence of disincentives.
    - - Reinforcers can be defined as environmental objects or events that increase the frequency of a behaviour (
- - - - External events that give rise to an internal perceived locus of causality promote intrinsic motivation because they satisfy the need for autonomy. External events that give rise to an external locus of causality undermine intrinsic motivation because they thwart the need for autonomy.
      - External events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation because they satisfy the need for competence. External events that reduce perceived competence reduce intrinsic motivation because they thwart the need for competence
      - The extent to which an event is informational versus controlling dictates its influence on intrinsic motivation.