Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Alliances up to 1900 (England and Germany (Family (Germany and Britain…

- - - - Germany was a colonial rival of Britain's during the Scramble for Africa.
      - Otto von Bismarck didn't want conflict with England within Europe but was not concerned if conflict between the two nations took place outside of Europe e.g. in Africa.
        
        Germany worked with France in the 1880's against the Bristish and their interests in West Africa, the Congo and and South West Africa.
        
        Two partition treaties were needed - one in 1885 and one in 1890 - to resolve Anglo-German disputes in the Zanzibar.
        
        Because of this, Germany created a protectorate called German East Africa and Britain created one in the Zanzibar. This calmed relations between Germany and England for a while.
        
        Protectorate - A state that is controlled and protected by another
  - - - The Anglo-Prussian alliance of 1756 was created during the Seven Years War as a military alliance by the Westminster Convention.
      - Once Wilhelm II took over from Bismarck the relations between the two powers started to plummet
  - - - All the English royal family descend from the german Prince Albert therefore keeping relations with the two power on good terms.
      - British royal family had a German surname up until 1917
      - Kaiser Willhelm II was Queen Victoria's Grandson
      - Queen Victoria's mother was German born
  - - - Wilhelm II made his support of the Boers very clear, which irritated the English
  - - - During negotiations in 1898, Germany started with its naval building program and also started planning for a Berlin-Baghdad railway, This challenged Britain who no longer felt that they were as dominant at sea as they had once been. The British were also suspicious that the Germans also wanted to make railways to both Egypt and India.
        
        By 1900, it looked unlikely that Germany would ally itself to another strong European country - especially under the rule of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
- - - - To guarantee Belgium's independence as a state, and to internationally acknowledge this, and it's neutrality
      - To establish the full independance of Luxemburg
    - - In 1914 Germany invaded Belgium, which Britain considered a violation of this treaty, as it was still active during the invasion, eventually resulting in the first World War
      - Luxembourg gains full independence
      - Belguim became an Independent and neutral state, with territory in places such as Antwerp and West Flanders
  - - - To neutralize the tension between Austria-Hungary and Russia through a treaty with Germany and settling their spheres of influence in the Balkans
      - To isolate France, as it would be surrounded by countries that are supporting each other
      - To create a peaceful and balanced Europe
    - - After lasting two years, a second, secret treaty was formed in 1881
      - Peace between Austria-Hungary and Russia was only temporary due to dispute over the Balkans
      - It was agreed that no territorial changes within the Balkans should take place without agreement
      - The treaty could not be renewed and eventually a Russian-Franco alliance was formed
  - - - To Provide a long-term peace plan for Europe following on from French issues, such as the Revolution and Napoleonic wars by surrounding France with stronger countries
      - To restore the balance of power between all the Great Powers through resizing and relocating of territory
      - To restore Europe's Royal families after the death of Napoleon
    - - The Countries surrounding France became stronger and France returned it's territories gained by Napoleon, while other European countries got to keep/expand their empire
      - Prussia and 300 other states formed the first German Confederation, which would later become Germany
      - Peace was maintained for a short period of time, but tensions began to rise again and rivalries between nations soon flared up. Alliances were formed to protect the nations and their plans
      - The royal families in some European countries were restored, significantly the French Monarchy and the Hapsburg Empire. Many countries were moving towards a republic, so this change upset many people and stunted European diplomatic development
- - - - Dreikaiserbund (three emperors league) between Germany, Austria and Russia in 1873. Russia sought to renew this in response to the dual alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
      - In the exact terms of the alliance both France and Russia were very aware of Germany's fear of encirclement by hostile powers.
- - - - Bismarks plan.
        
        They needed to ensure France recovered economically from the conflict. At the end of nineteenth century France sought suitable allies.
        
        The French believed Russia and Britain would each require guarantees of support against the other before entering a formal agreement.
        
        Germany was even considered as a consequence of the Franco-Prussian war and the revanchism stirred by the Alsace-Lorraine takeover began to fade from the memories of the French public. Revanchism- from the French for revenge, it was a policy that aimed to overturn the losses to French territory incurred as result of the franco-prussian war.
        
        He wanted to isolate France diplomatically following the Franco-Prussian War. French politicians were too distracted by the teething problems of the Third Republic to focus much on foreign policy.
      - Colonial Rivalry
        
        This was with Britain over Egypt. Due to nationalist disorders in Egypt (1882) it prevented an Anglo-French understanding for several years.
        
        The Suez Canal in Egypt was threatened in 1882 by a nationalist uprising as it was project financed by Britain and France.
        
        Britain was immediately concerned and sent troops to invade and occupy Egypt.
- - - - Full military support
      - If attacked by any other country they would observe 'benevolent neutrality' (not directly get involved but may give non- military support)
      - The agreement would remain secret between the 2 powers
      - The agreement would last for 5 years
        
        With the expectation that it would be renewed every 3 years after
        
        It was renewed and was still in place when the first world war occured
    - - Bismark saw the Habsburg Empire as a decaying power and didn't want to associate the new united Germany to it
      - Prussia had gone to war against Austria-Hungary as part of the German Wars of Unification in 1866.
      - Concern over Ottoman Empire's Decline helped a change in policy towards Austria - Hungary.
      - German relations with Russia was strained
        
        At the Congress of Berlin, Bismark had been a vocal opponent of the Russian ambitions in the Balkan region.
        
        This promoted a complain from Tsar Alexander II to the Kaiser
        
        Austria-Hungary was a natural choice of ally at this time since it was equally concerned about Russian influence on the Balkans.
    - - Became aware of the existence of a formal alliance but not the exact terms
      - Both faced a potentially hostile bloc of Germany and Austria- Hungary on its central European boarder
    - - The secret nature of the alliance meant that tension rose internationally
      - Marked a new era for international relations
        
        gradual abandonment of congresses as a way of settling disputes