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Economic development - IGCSE geography (review (answers (https://docs…
Economic development - IGCSE geography
development
development indicators
economic
GDP ( gross domestic product) per capita - the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year
GDP per capita - a countries GDP divided by its population
GNI ( gross national income ) - the total income of a country including earnings from other countries
GNI per capita - a countries gross national income divided by its population
social
life expectancy - the average age to which a person lives
mean years of schooling - the average number of completed years of education in the country
extreme poverty - the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day
sanitation facilities access - the percentage of people with access to clean water and sewage disposal
infant mortality rates - the number of babies born per 1000 people that die before their first birthday
population to doctors - the number of doctors per 1000 people
literacy rate - the percentage of the population over the age of 15 that can read and write
access to internet - the percentage of households with access to the internet through their home
human development index (HNI)
created by the united nations, countries are given a score from 0 to 1, 1 being the most developed
four indicatiors
life expectancy at birth
expected years of schooling
mean years of schooling
GNI per capita
countries are then categorised from low to very high levels of development
the reliability of this may not be that accurate, as places like the middle east could have a high GNI per capita but still lots of poverty
sectors of production
secondary sector
the part of the economy concerned with the manufacturing and processing of goods
they can use raw material from the primary sector
e.g. factories, manufacturing and assembling
tertiary sector
the part of the sector coming from providing services
can use money indirectly from tax - eg teachers or healthcare
policemen, teachers, doctors tutors, hospitality
primary sector
the part of the economy that grows or extracts raw materials
raw materials - used for manufacture - unprocessed
e.g. farmer, miner, fishing
agriculture
factors influencing
market
government
labour
capital
climate
relief
arable - crops
pastoral - animals
mixed - both
intensive farming
high inputs of capital, labour, and fertilizers
they aim to create a high yield from small areas of land
modern, commercial farms are usually intenisve
extensive farming
low inputs of capital, labour and material, with large amounts of land
produces a low yield
traditional farming is usually extensive
farming systems
processes
arable
ploughing
planting
fertilising
weeding
harvesting
pastoral
milking
shearing
grazing
outputs
vegetables
potatoes, salad, crops
animals
calves, piglets, wool, dairy proucts
cereals
rice, barley, wheat
inputs
human
farm buildings
transport
labour
capital
physical
relief
precipitation
temperature
soil
land
changes to increase outputs
fertilisation
crop rotations
herbicides / pesticides
mechanisation
land reform
terracing in areas of steep relief
high yield, genetically modified seeds
quaternary sector
informational services, ict, consultancy, research and development
usually includes technology and media
e.g. distribution and technology, app design, finance, research and development
changes happening to the employment structure, as a country develops
primary : drops significantly from the majority to possibly less than five percent
secondary : rises in early development and usually drops in high income countries
tertiary : increases with a countries development, the main sector in more highly developed countries
quaternary - a recent development, growing to 10% in very developed countries
reasons for growth and decline
possible reasons for primary decline - natural resources have been exhausted, globalisation results in food products to be imported for a cheaper rate
secondary sector growth - companies could move into different places to take advantage of cheaper rates of labour, and improvements in technology increase the growth in that sector
secondary sector decline - as people become more educated they may not want to work in lower skilled factory jobs, and labour can be cheaper in less developed countries
tertiary sector growth - the GNI per capita has increased resulting in more disposable income for services
globalisation and transnational corporations (tncs)
globalisation: the process of increased connection between companies. demonstrated through economics, politics, and culture
reasons for globalisation
improved transport networks
internet and mobile technology has improved communications
development of a worldwide political system
lower income countries can provide cheaper labour costs
growth of TNCs and trade blocs
positives of globalisation
the flow of money into LECDS can improve the standard of living
jobs are created in LEDCs
increases the sharing of ideas and culture
governments can work together for common goals
negatives of globalisation
at a local scale the environment can be degraded
the money might not be invested back into the local community and will most likely be sent back to where the TNC is based
could be viewed by many as a threat to the cultural diversity of the world
footloose nature of TNCs could negatively impact the LEDC
new employment could involve safety hazards and poor working conditions and low wages for the workers
transnational corporations
positive impacts
employment and therefore income for the local people, raising the standard of living
multiplier effect, lots of people may move into that area, developing it more
foreign exchange for the country
people have access to the product in that area
boost the economy and contribute to GDP and tax
they can improve technology and infrastructure in the country
negative impacts
footloose, resulting in the company closing or moving at any time, resulting in job and income loss
pollution - air, noise, and waste
loss of agricultural land or ecosystems to build factories
usually low wages and poor workers rights
most of the profits leave the LIC and is sent back to the HIC country
mechanisation leads to fewer workers over time
local culture is changed and diluted
food shortages
political causes
lack of investment
inflation due to poor economic choices resulting in increasing
corrupt government keeping aid for themselves
poor aid distribution
governments choosing to export cash crops instead of keeping the food for the people
economic causes
fluctuation in global prices can make imports too expensive
physical causes
severe drought due to weather abnormalities such as el nino
fungi and bacteria can spread and destroy crops
high intensity floods
pests such as locusts and rats can destroy crops
overgrazing can result in soil erosion
volcanic ash can destroy crop
conflict
farmers have to fight in the army
food and investment is directed towards the army
markets and shops are destroyed
land becomes unsafe due to mines
secondary industry
makes things using manufacturing
manufacturing - where raw materials are turned in to a finished product/something else
manufacturing adds value to raw materials
however, manufacturing can also involve the use of chemicals and fossil fuels, negatively impacting the envoronment
types of secondary industry
manufacturing - large scale conversion of raw materials into finished products
processing - taking materials and combining or changing them
assembly - putting together different parts that have already been made
hi tech - products produced using the latest technologies and often involve advanced computer techniques
industrial locations - deciding where to locate
physical factors
site
some require huge amounts of flat land
some industries prefer picturesque settings to attract the highly educated work force
room for expansion
raw materials
raw materials can be heavy to transport
however some companies are footloose so raw materials are less important to them
natural routes
such as ports and rivers, can help deliver finished goods
human factors
market
perishable goods need to be consumed quickly
trade blocs
labour
highly skilled labour can be found at places where there are top universities
power
many industries need power to operate machinery
needs to be cheap, reliable, and plentiful
links
closer to roads and transport links
some industries need to be close to their suppliers
capital
the amount of money a company has will influence its choice of location
government
government incentives such as tax breaks
start up investments can also be incentives to move
review
Give 3 positive impacts of TNCs on countries they move in to.
Name 3 physical inputs into the Laman Padi farming system (Langkawi)
Give 3 causes of food shortages linked to conflict
Name 3 different types of secondary industry.
Give 3 economic/political causes of food shortages.
Give 3 locational factors for a quaternary industry
Define globalisation
Give 3 impacts of the 2011 famine in East africa.
Define the words:
Arable
Pastoral
Extensive
Intensive
Give 2 physical causes of food shortages in Somalia.
Give 3 locational factors for a heavy industry such as a large steel works.
Name 3 of the 4 indicators used to calculate Human Development Index
Name 4 causes of globalisation
Name and explain one physical factor that industry would consider before choosing a location
Give 3 ways in which a traditional farmer could increase their yields.
Give 3 negative impacts of TNCs on countries they move into.
answers
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/10leIRhUTq-IZsJAM_G-J5qQW-Ne5daF2dROYL1s9h34/edit#slide=id.p
