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Severe Face and Arm Muscle Spasms …
Severe Face and Arm Muscle Spasms Diagnosis: Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Upstream Effects
Direct Cause: Tetanus spores entered body, germinate and release tetanospasmin toxin into blood stream. Toxin enters motor neuron through axon terminal and travels to neuron cell body in spinal cord. It reaches interneuron and prevents it from releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters in. Neurotransmitters released uncontrollably at the neuromuscular junction. Motor neuron fires constantly.
Indirect Cause: 23 Year old got a tattoo in a "sketchy" parlor. He didn't noticed the use of a dirty needle. Patient never vaccinated agains't this bacterium. Patient contracted Clostridium tetani. Spasms began.
Downstream Effects
Laryngospasm/Respiratory Failure: Larynx spasms occur and prevents oxygen from reaching lungs. In severe cases this can lead to affixation and death.
Cardiac Arrest: As the toxins spread throughout the body, it can cause severe problems with the blood pressure and heart rate. It could potentially lead to cardiac arrest.
Cardiovascular System
Tetanic Seizures: If infection becomes severe and spread to the brain, it can cause convulsions/seizures.
Aspiration Pneumonia: The muscle rigidness can make swallowing and coughing difficult. Person can inhale fluid and secretions into lungs.
These fluids and secretions in the lungs can develop a respiratory tract infection.
Respiratory System
Acute Renal Failure: Severe muscle spasms can cause rhabdomyolysis. Skeletal muscles are quickly destroyed and myoglobin and intracellular muscle components are leaked into the bloodstream.
Myoglobin protein stores oxygen. Too much oxygen in the bloodstream can result in acute renal failure. Muscle weakness, low urine output, yellow-tea colored urine, fatigue, soreness, bruising can occur.
Urinary System
Muscle Spasms (Lockjaw) and Muscle Stiffness: Clostridium Tetani affects nerves that control our muscles causing muscle spasms and muscle stiffness.
Muscular System
Brain Damage: The lack of oxygen caused by the respiratory failure can lead to brain damage (neurons dying). Possible stroke.
Nervous System
Bone Fractures, Tendon Rupture and Dislocations: Unwanted repeated muscle spasms and convulsions can cause fractures in certain bones (e.g. vertebrae)
Skeletal System
Downstream
Anatomy
Organs and Organ Systems Affected
Nervous System
Brain
Neurons
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood Vessels
Respiratory System
Lungs
Skeletal System
Bones
Urinary System
Kidneys
Muscular System
Muscles
Structures of 2 Malfunctioning Organ Systems
Muscular System
Skeletal Muscle & Muscle Fiber
Sarcomere
I Band
M Line
A Band
Myosin
H Zone
Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Z Disks
Myofibril
Sarcolemma
T-Tubules
Nucleus
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
3 Types: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle.
3 Types of Muscle Fiber: Fast oxidative fiber, slow oxidative fiber, fast glycolytic fiber.
Oxidative = Electron Transport Chain
Glycolytic = Glucose
Nervous System
Neuron
Cell Body
Dendrites
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Axon Hillock
Axon
Myelin Sheeths
Nodes of Ranvier
Axon Terminal
Synaptic Vesicle
Neurotransmitters
Myelin
Schwann Cell
Oligodendrocytes
Nodes of Ranvier
Structural Classification: Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar.
Functional Classification: Sensory, Integrating, Motor.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
ACh release
Chemically-gated sodium channel opens.
Action potential occurs (Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel open)
Muscle fiber depolarizes.
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Clostridium tetani
Physiology
Functions of Organs and Organ Systems Affected
Cardiovascular System: Transports and circulates blood throughout the body.
Heart/Blood Vessels: Helps pump blood across body.
Skeletal System: Provides body's framework and protect organs.
Bones: Support body structurally.
Nervous System: Detects and responds to stimuli.
Brain: Controls all functions of the body.
Neuron: Receives, processes and sends messages.
Muscular System: Assist with movement and heat production.
Respiratory System: Does gas exchange
Lungs: Does gas exchange. Respirations.
Urinary System: Removes Waste
Kidneys: Filters blood. Waste gets turned into urine.
Functions of 2 Malfunctioning Organ Systems
Muscular System (Skeletal Muscle)
Nucleus: Contains the cell's DNA.
Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
Myofibrils: Contractile fibers inside a muscle fiber.
Sarcomere: Contractile Unit of a muscle fiber made of myofilaments.
I Band: Area where only thin filament can be seen. (Lighter Appearance)
M Line: Line where thick filaments are anchored together.
A Band: Area where thick and think filament overlap. (Darker bands)
Gives striated appearance.
Myosin: Thick myofilament (protein).
H Zone: Middle region of sarcomere where only myosin is present.
Actin: Thin myofilament (protein)
Tropomyosin: Regulatory protein. Cover myosin-binding sites.
Troponin: Regulatory protein. Interacts with the ion calcium.
Z Discs: Zig-zagging structures on either edges of the sarcomere.
T-Tubules: Allows membrane potential to reach all myofibrils inside the cell.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Stores calcium in a resting muscle fiber.
Mitochondria: Site of ATP systhesis.
Nervous System (Neuron)
Dendrites: Receives incoming signals.
Nucleus: Contain's cells DNA.
Cell Body:Portion where most organelles are found.
Axon: Carries impulse away from cell body.
Axon Terminal: End of axon. Contain synaptic vesicles.
Presynaptic Neuron: Neuron that sends message.
Synapse: Gap between pre and postsynaptic neurons. Where the message crosses over.
Postsynaptic neuron: Neuron that receives the message,
Axon Hillock: Cone-shaped area where axon leaves body.
Sensory Neuron: Transmits impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS (Inter Neuron)
Integrating Neuron: Processes the information received and sends to motor neuron.
Carry impulse away from CNS to effectors (muscles, organs, glands)
Multipolar: Multiple extensions
Bipolar: 2 extensions
Unipolar: 1 extension
Myelin: Electrically-insulates axon, speeds up nerve impulses.
Oligodendrocytes: Makes myelin in CNS.
Schwann Cells: Makes myelin in PNS.
Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps between Schwann cells on the axon.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
Excitatory: Depolarize the cell. EPSP's
Na+ ions
Inhibitory: Hyperpolarize the cell. IPSP's
K+ and Cl- ions
Clostridium tetani
Tetanus spores entered body, germinate and release tetanospasmin toxin into blood stream. Toxin enters motor neuron through axon terminal and travels to neuron cell body in spinal cord. It reaches interneuron and prevents it from releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters in. Neurotransmitters released uncontrollably at the neuromuscular junction. Motor neuron fires constantly.
Steps of Excitacion-Contraction Coupling:
Steps of Excitacion-Contraction Coupling: Neuron releases Acetylcholine which attaches and opens muscle Fiber's Chemically-gated Na+ channels. Action potential (Voltage-gated Na+ channel) reaches across all membrane of muscle fiber because T-Tubules. Depolarizes and Voltage-gated calcium channels open. Calcium binds to troponin and tropomyosin unblocks the myosin-binding sites on actin. Voltage-gated K+ channels re-polarize cell.
Summation
Summation add messages (IPSP's and EPSP's) together and the goal is to reach threshold (-55mv) so the message can be sent. No Summation: A slowly firing pre-synaptic neuron causes EPSP's that are far apart in time. Temporal Summation: A rapid firing pre-synaptic neuron causes EPSP's that are close in time. Spatial Summation: More than one pre-synaptic neuron fires at the same time. ESPS's are generated at different locations on the neuron.
Pre-synaptic neurons can send IPSP's (K+, Cl-) and they hyper-polarize the cell - DON'T FIRE. EPSP's (Na+) and they depolarize the cell - FIRE)