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Chapter 26 Community Ecology (Community (Interactions (Predator-prey…
Chapter 26 Community Ecology
Community
Interactions
Predator-prey interactions
One predator one prey
Zero-growth isocline - number of predators and prey at which the populations stay stable
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Maximum sustained yield - the amount that can be harvested while keeping prey populations stable
Paradox of enrichment
Fixed effort harvesting - as much prey is harvested as can be taken with the same amount of investment
Fixed quota harvesting - only a specific number of prey is allowed to be taken
prey-dependent functional response
Handling time - stays the same no matter how much prey
Feeding rate - goes up with more prey
One predator multiple prey
Optimal foraging theory
Optimal diet model
Predation factors
lesser prey ignored if population of preferred prey sufficient
some prey always eaten if encountered, others will never be eaten
scarce high-yield prey replaced by next best options
energy per handling time
Visualizations
Food chain
Food web
Energy web
Competition - fight for same resource between species
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Exploitation competition - organisms use a resource and make it less available for other organisms
Interference competition - organisms make it harder for other organisms to access resources
Beneficial interactions
Mutualism - both organisms provide benefits to each other
Facilitation - one organism inadvertently helps another without receiving any benefit
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Keystone species - species whose interactions with other species support most of the community in some way
Succession
Climax community
Diversity
Factors
Scale - larger areas have more diversity
Latitude - lower latitudes more diverse
Metapopulations - spatially distributed populations connected by migration or gene flow
Model assumptions
a region is composed of patches where the species can live
some patches are occupied by the species and some are not
empty patches will be colonized by migration from occupied patches
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populations can go extinct in their patch
sink habitat - low-quality patch where the population is sustained by migration from source habitats
source habitat - high-quality patch that can easily support a stable population
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