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Basic Epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies (Analytical cross-sectional…

- - - - high recall-bias
- - - - equal % of wrong classification in both groups
      - exposure measurement wrong
      - errors in classification
      - underestimation of effect (towards H0)
    - - Responder bias
        
        exposure status influences information supply about outcome
        
        outcome status influences information provided about exposure
        
        Recall bias: with outcome pos. better memory of exposure
        
        blinding of participants (unaware of hypothesis)
        
        improve recall of information
        
        similiar incentives of participants to provide accurate information
      - Oberserver bias
        
        observers aseess outcome variables according to hypothesis
        
        masking (blind data collection)
        
        objective / independent measuring instruments/methods
        
        standard protocols
        
        collect exposure data before outcome data
      - bias towards or away from H0
- - - - randomisation
        
        random allocation of participants to exposure or control group
        
        only in intervention study possible
      - restriction
        
        only participants permitted that are similiar in confounder
      - matching
        
        comparison groups are equally balanced
    - - stratification
      - standardisation
        
        direct and indirect
      - statistical modelling (multivariable regression model)
      - measure confounding variable!
- - - - Intervention Trial
    - - same time as outcome data
        
        cross-sectional
      - before outcome happens (follow-up)
        
        cohort study
      - after outcome is know
        
        case-control