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Classification & Systematics (Levels of Taxonomic Categories plant…
Classification & Systematics
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Division
Kingdom
Class
Family
Order
Genus
Species
Cladistics
Understanding Cladograms
each point at which a cladogram branches called node
any ancestor & all branches that lead from its constitute a clade
cladogram is a digram to shows evolutionary patterns by means of series of branches
paraphyletic group- that does not contain all descendants of most recent common ancestor
sympleisomorphy is shared ancestral condition
monophyletic group- evolved from same ancestral group
homologous characters- synapomorphies
Cladograms & Taxonomic Categories
many systematists use taxonomic classification
most cladograms are not stable
Other Types of Classification systems
Artificial System of Classification
classification category may be
trees are group together
as herbs, shrubs, vines & so on
characters are not related each other by descent from common ancestor
uses several easy characters to observe
plants are grouped together for economical or scientific importance
Classification Systems for Fossils
combined features of both artificial & natural systems
goal is to understand evolution of fossil
use for fossil organisms
also to identify both its ancestors & its relative that might evolved later
grouping are form genera
all fossils with the same basic form or structure are classified together
Taxonomic Studies
gather informations about various types of new species
specimens must first be identified using diagnostic keys & personal knowledge
discovery of new species
declaring new species is essays but it needs proper descriptions to prove
botanical exploration
description must also include designation of type of specimen
when new species is known more research is carried out
Major Lines of Evolution
next evolutionary event - conversion of prokaryotes int eukaryotes
after eukaryotes evolved to level of mitochondria, ER & true nucleus emerged
first organisms were simple, consisting of cell membrane, protoplasm & some RNA
approximately 400 million years ago, Kingdom Plantae formed
all organisms are classified as Bacteria, Archae or Eukarya
