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New Culture (Second Great Awakening (A religious movement around the turn…
New Culture
Second Great Awakening
A religious movement around the turn of the 19th-Century, revitalizing Protestant beliefs, reflecting romantic ideas and rejecting Enlightenment ideas.
This movement changed the religious core of American society. Early American religious ideologies — before the Second Great Awakening — were mainly Calvinist, and believed they could only be saved through the grace of god. The movement placed greater emphasis on free will and choosing to be saved. The new movement gave Americans a more optimistic view of life and thus a beneficial trajectory for Americans.
Transcendentalism
A philosophical movement in the early 18th-Century, in protest of the intellectual and spiritual beliefs of the time.
Transcendents believed in the inherent goodness of people and nature; they also believed society and institutions, religious and political, corrupt this goodness. Along with its progressive ideas, transcendentalism was one of the first American intellectual revolutions and would inspire further similar movements such as New Thought.
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Social Movements
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Know Nothing Party
Or the American Party, was an anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party in the mid 19th-Century
The Party would gain popularity mid century, in 1855 it would have 43 representatives in congress. But one year later their party would fall apart. In 1860, remaining Know-Nothings joined with the Whigs to form the Constitutional Union Party. The Know-Nothings’s anti-immigration ideas would persist throughout US History, in organizations such as the American Protective Association of the 1890s and the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. Today, the term “Know-Nothing” is almost used as a slur.
Market Changes
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Lowell Mills
Lowell Mills were 19th century textile factory mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, named after Francis Cabot Lowell.
The mills introduced a new manufacturing system. The revolutionary system used domestic labour, often called mill girls. Instead of hiring children, they paid in cash for adult workers. These mass production factories became the model for many manufacturing companies.