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Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (Downstream Causes:…
Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Downstream Causes:
Treatments:
Riluzole: A medication helps slow the symptoms & helps patients live slightly longer
Edaravone: A medication helps slow the symptoms & helps patients live slightly longer
Trihexyphenidyl or amitriptyline for people with problems swallowing their own saliva
Baclofen or diazepam for spasticity that interferes with daily activities
Physical therapy, rehabilitation, use of braces or a wheelchair, or other measures may be needed to help with muscle function and general health.
The illness itself increases the need for food and calories. At the same time, problems with choking and swallowing make it hard to eat enough. A dietitian who specializes in ALS can give advice on healthy eating.
Breathing devices include machines that are used only at night, and constant mechanical ventilation.
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Complications:
Aspiration: Breathing in food or fluid
Loss of ability to care for themselves
Lung Failure
Pneumonia
Respiratory Failure
Pressure Sores
Weight Loss
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Upstream Causes:
Indirect Causes:
Heredity:
Children have a 50-50 chance of developing the disease
Age:
Most common between the ages of 40 and the mid-60s.
Sex:
More common in men than in women but there is still a possibility for women to develop ALS.
Genetics
Smoking:
Risk seems greatest for women, particularly after menopause
Environmental Toxin Exposure:
Exposure to lead or other substances at home or in the workplace
Military Service:
Exposure to metals, chemicals, traumatic injuries, viral infections & intense exertion
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Direct Causes:
ALS kills motor neurons, the large cells of the spinal cord that send nerve fibers out to control the muscles
Also, motor neurons in the part of the brain governing voluntary movements are destroyed in ALS
As the disease advances and nerve cells are destroyed, your muscles get weaker. This eventually affects chewing, swallowing, speaking and breathing.
Depending on which neurons are affected signs & symptoms vary from person to person
Cerebrum:
Gyri
Sulci
Precentral Gyrus
Central Sulcus
Postcentral Gyrus
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Insula
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Spinal Cord:
Pia Matter
Arachnoid Matter
Dura Matter
Dorsal Gray Horns
Central Canal
Ventral Root
White Matter Tracts
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Specific types of Neurons found in each part of the spinal cord:
Dorsal Horns:
Somatic & Visceral Interneurons
Lateral Gray Horns:
Visceral Motor
Ventral Gray Horns:
Somatic Motor
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Specific types of Neurons found in Ascending & Descending tracts:
Ascending Tracts:
1st Order Neuron
2nd Order Neuron
3rd Order Neuron
Descending Tracts:
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Specific Examples of Ascending & Descending Tracts:
Ascending Tracts:
Spinothalamic Tract
Spinocerebellar Tract
Descending Tracts:
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The Process of Movement:
Role of Precentral Gyrus:
Role of Basal Nuclei:
Role of Cerebellum:
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Cerebrum:
Raised bumps on the surface of the cerebrum
Small indentations in the surface of the cerebrum
Location of the primary motor area of the brain
Separates the frontal & parietal lobes
Location of the primary sensory area of the brain
Involved with motor functions
Processing the senses of hearing & smell
Involved with memory & taste
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Spinal Cord:
Protective membrane; deepest, thinnest layer
Protective membrane; middle layer
Protective membrane; most superficial
Region of gray matter is posterior in the spinal cord & contains cell bodies of interneurons
Middle open space contains CSF
Bundle of motor neurons that leaves the anterior side of the spinal cord to travel to muscles & glands
These are the columns of myelinated axons on the outer surface of the
spinal cord, surrounding the gray matter horns
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Specific types of Neurons found in each part of the spinal cord:
This region of gray matter is posterior in the spinal cord & contains the
cell bodies of interneurons
Receive/ process input from skin, muscles, stomach, intestines etc.
This region of gray matter is lateral in the spinal cord; it has autonomic
motor neurons
Setting heart rate, setting blood pressure (Smooth & Cardiac)
This region of gray matter is anterior in the spinal cord & contains the cell
bodies of motor neurons traveling to skeletal muscles & glands
Moving fingers, muscles, etc
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Specific types of Neurons found in Ascending & Descending tracts:
Sensory tracts; have 3 neurons
Neuron that has receptors & brings the information to the spinal cord
Interneuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Neuron in the thalamus that connects with the cerebral cortex
Motor tracts; have 2 neurons
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Specific Examples of Ascending & Descending Tracts:
Sensory tracts
It is responsible for the transmission of pain, temperature, and crude touch to the somatosensory region of the thalamus.
Carry proprioceptive and cutaneous information from Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles to the cerebellum for the coordination of movements.
Motor tracts
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The Process of Movement:
Helps with the body's motor functions
Helps to regulate muscle movement; prevent unwanted movements
Assists the precentral gyrus with skeletal muscle movements
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Background:
Anatomy:
Physiology:
Gyri
Pia Matter
Dural Venous Sinus
Sulci
Subarachnoid Matter
Frontal Lobe
Dura Matter
Precentral Gyrus
Central Sulcus
Postcentral Gyrus
Temporal Lobe
Insula
Parietal Lobe
Arbor Vitae
Vermis
Diencephalon
Corpus Callosum
Pineal Gland
Intermediate Mass of the Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Fornix
Pituitary Gland
Brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Pia Matter
Arachnoid Matter
Arachnoid Matter
Dura Matter
Dorsal Gray Horns
Central Canal
Ventral Root
White Matter Tracts
Ventral Gray Horns
Dorsal Root
Lateral Gray Horn
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Dorsal Median Sulcus
Ventral Median Fissure
