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Muscular System Diana Martinez Period 4 (body movement (abduction (arm…
Muscular System Diana Martinez Period 4
major functions
movement
enable to respond quickly
stabilization
even as they pull bones to cause movement, they strengthen & stabilize joints of the skeleton.
posture
skeletal muscles maintain body posture
generate heat
muscles generate heat as they contract, which plays a role in maintaining normal body temperature
Muscle names
anterior
fibularis longus
calf
extensor digitorum longus
shin
tibialis anterior
shin
tricep brachii
posterior bicep
vastus medialis
inner lower thigh
vastus lateralis
outer thigh
deltoid
upper bicep
sternocleidomastoid
neck
rectus femoris
middle thigh
trapezius
lower neck
pectoralis major
breast
bicep brachii
biceps
adductor longus
upper thigh
gastrochemius
calf
rectus abdominis
abs
gracilis
inner upper thigh
iliopsoas
upper upper thigh, waist line
flexor carpi radialis
radius
brachioradialis
forearm
external oblique
side
sartorius
line of upper thigh
posterior
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
deltoid
infraspinatus
teres major
latissimusdorsi
triceps brachii
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digitorum
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
gastrocnemius
soleus
types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal; striated; voluntary
FUNCTION: overall body mobility; tires easily
found in bones
cardiac muscle
cardiac; striated; involuntary
in the heart ONLY
FUNCTION: contracts heart walls
smooth muscle
visceral; nonstriated; involuntary
found in stomach,urinary bladder, respiratory passages
FUNCTION: force fluids and other substances through internal body channels
body movement
abduction
arm goes up laterally
adduction
arm going down laterally
pronation
radius rotates over ulna
supination
ulna rotates over radius
flexion
arm flex
extension
arm unbending vertically
circumduction
throwing baseball
depression
eyebrows going down
elevation
raising eyebrows
retraction
mandible going back
protraction
mandible going forward
rotation
cracking my neck
dorsiflexion
toes going up
plantar flexion
toes stretching
inversion
feet going inward
eversion
feet going outward
structure of skeletal muscle
1 muscle
a muscle consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells, plus connective tissue wrappings, blood vessels, and nerve fibers
2 fascicle
a fascicle is a discrete bundle of muscle cells, segregated from the rest of the muscle by a connective sheath
3 muscle fiber
a muscle fiber is an elongated multinucleate cell; it has a banded (striated)appearance
4 myofibril
rodlike contractile elements that occupy most of the muscle cell volume. composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end, they appear banded, and bands of adjacent myofibrils are aligned
5 sarcomere
the contractile unit, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins.
6 myofilament or filament
thick filaments contain bundle myosin molecules
thin filaments contain actin molecules + other proteins
the sliding of thin filaments past the thick filaments produces muscle shortening. elastic filaments provide elastic recoil when tension is released and help maintain myofilament organization
physiology of muscle contraction
Events at the neuromuscular junction
1: a motor neuron fires an action potential (AP) down its axon
2: The motor neuron's axon terminal releases acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic
3: ACh binds receptors on the junctional folds of the sarcolemma
4: ACh binding causes a local depolarization called an end plate potential (EPP)
Muscle fiber excitation
5: The local depolarization (EPP) triggers an AP in the adjacent sarcolemma
Excitation contraction coupling
6: AP in sarcolemma travels down t tubules
7: sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+
8: Ca2+ binds troponin, which shifts tropomyosin to uncover the myosin-binding sites on actin. Myosin heads bind actin
Cross bridge cycle
9: Contraction occurs via cross bridge cycling
disorders
dystrophy
muscle weakening disease
tendinosis
degenerative tendon disease
fibromyalgia
chronic pain
mitochondrial myopathy
mitochondria ATP disorder
myasthenia gravis
immune system problem
tetanus
degenerative tendon disease