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Muscular System Nadya Hernandez p4 (Names of focused muscles (Torso + Neck…
Muscular System Nadya Hernandez p4
Major Functions
movement / generation of heat / maintain posture / stabilize joints
Names of focused muscles
face
Buccinator
masseter
platysma
zygomaticus
occipitalis
orbicularis oris
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
temporalis
levator scapulae
Arms
Flexor carpi radialis + ulnaris
Brachioradialis
Tricep + Bicep
Deltoid
extensor digitorium
Legs
sartorius
gracilis
rectus femoris
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorium longus
bicep femoris
fibularis longus
adductor longus
vastus laterilis
vastus medialis
soleus
semimembranosus
gastrocnemius
calcaneal
semitendinosus
Torso + Neck
Infraspinatus
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Rectus Abdominus
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
teres major
serratus anterior
external oblique
Disorders
Hernia - abnormal protrusion of organ or muscle
Shin Splints - inflammation of tibialis anterior, usually caused by intensified workout routines of the leg
torticollis - neck stays rotated to one side, limiting movement
myasthenia gravis - autoimmune neuromuscular diseases that makes the skeletal muscles weak
quadricep + hamstring strains - tearing of muscles @ or near tendons
ruptured calcaneal tendon - plantar flexion is weak / impossible while dorsiflexion is exaggerated . loosey goosey
tennis elbow - tenderness caused by overuse of tendons of forearm + humerus. repetitive stress injury caused + aggravated when muscles contract to extend hand at wrist
duchenne muscle dystrophy - genetic disorder. big aspects are gradual muscle degeneration. caused by alterations of the dystrophin protein which helps maintain muscle cell form
Types of muscle tissue
Cardiac - guess. guess where it is. + contracts at steady rate
Skeletal - only muscle type that moves voluntarily + does all the mobility stuff
Smooth - Found in walls of hollow visceral organs + forces fluids thru body channels. wormy :-)
Body Movements
protraction + retraction
inversion + eversion
depression + elevation
abduction + adduction
circumduction
rotation
pronation (R over U) + supination (R||U)
flexion + extension
dorsiflexion + plantar flexion
Physiology
Begins with electrical impulses being sent to the neuromuscular junction
then it triggers the release of acetylcholine, and that reaches the sarcolemma's receptors and creates a chemical impulse
this impulse wooshes down the T tubules and makes a burst of calcium ions out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
the released calcium bonds to the troponin, like sitting on a rollercoaster. this makes the tropomyosin scoot over, revealing the bonding sites for actin and myosin (thin + thick filaments)
this revelation allows the myosin and actin to make crossbridges
ATP is used to create a "power stroke", making the filaments slide against each other, therefore contracting
ADP + P are released
departure of calcium leads to relaxation of muscle
Anatomy (structure)
connective tissue sheaths - epimysium (covers entire muscle) -> perimesium + fascicles -> endomysium
filaments - myosin + actin
muscle fibers - elongated multinucleate cell covered by the endomysium
fascicle - covered by perimysium and is a bundle of muscle cells
myofibril - rodlike contractile elements
sarcomere - contractile unit made up of contractile proteins
sarcolemma - sheath that surrounds the myofibrils
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