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Urban Futures Case Studies (Harare (Lifestyle and culture (Mix of…
Urban Futures Case Studies
London – sustainability
Strategy to redevelop brownfield sites in the area now known as the Olympic Park
Problem
Environmental
350 hectare area brownfield site – heavily contaminated
Socio-economic
One of the most deprived parts of London
Newham: was the second most deprived area in the country
Initiative
Build houses, infrastructure, retail, shopping and sporting facilities ahead of the 2012 Olympic Games
Excavated 2 million m2 of soil
Cleaned 750,000m2 of contaminated soil
Pumped and treated 235,000m2 of groundwater
Employed 80,000 construction workers
Successes/failures
Environmental
For
Many of the grounds kept as parkland
100 hectares of open land and 45 hectares of new habitats, eg. ponds, woodlands
Stadia made of >25% recycled material
River Lea that runs through the park – water quality improved
Sustainable and biodiverse vegetation suited to an urban environment
4,000 trees, 74,000 plants, 60,000 bulbs, 300,000 wetland plants
Against:
Much wildlife relocated
–> 40,000 smooth newts, 100 toads, 300 common lizards
Many of the materials came from overseas
The games produced 3.3Mn tonnes of CO2
Social and economic
For
Helped schools in the area
Unemployment overall fell
Brought more than £9Bn of investment to East London
Infrastructure improved – two underground lines, high-speed javelin train, Docklands Light Railway
Athletes' village relaunched as 2,800 new homes
– 40% were 'affordable'
Against
New homes won't be affordable for Newham's poorest households
Very few jobs created for local people – missed opportunity to train people for work
Many surrounding people remain in poverty
Cheaper properties had to be demolished
Cost £700Mn – three times the original estimate
Total bill was £8.77Bn of taxpayer money
Existing business had to move
London Overall
Location and importance within
The region
Economic
800k people commute into London from the surrounding area and depend upon London for their income
Culture
Many people travel into the city for culture, shopping and wider entertainment
Often occurs in evenings and weekends
The country
Overall
2016 – 13m people visited London from the rest of the country each year
NPR News: "London completely dominates the political, cultural and economic life of the UK to an extent rarely seen elsewhere"
Economic
20% of UK GDP
1997-2012: 43% of full-time jobs created
2010-2012: 80% of private sector growth
Population:
Only has 12.5% of the country's population
Political:
Houses of Parliament
Large ministries eg. Defence, Foreign Office
Dominates the political landscape
Culture:
More museums and theatres than any other city in the UK
400 theatres
Lottery provides £165 per head in London for the arts
–> £45 elsewhere
The wider world
Overall:
Marin Prosperity Institute: London is the 2nd most powerful city in the world
Forbes: London was the most influential city in 2014
Economic
Would be the 22nd largest country in the world
Home to 17 Fortune 500 companies and 251 overseas banks
Centre of global money laundering
Population
25th largest city in the world
Only city capable of being a megacity in Europe
Culture:
7th most visited country in the world
Has 7 of the top 40 most-visited museums in the world
Tripadvisor: 2016 – world's number one travel destination
Migration
National migration
Highest rate of internal migration in English regions
9/1000 residents migrated to London in 2014, mainly from the North eg. Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle
240,000 people leave London to live in the wider South-East region each year
International migration
non-UK born Londoners has grown by 54% since 2001
2011: 37% of Londoners were foreign born
Most migrants from: India > Poland > Ireland > Nigeria > Pakistan
Brent, Westminster, Ealing, Newham, Kensington and Chelsea are have the most migrants
Mainly 25-40, mainly 30-34
Changes
Density
2001-2014: increase of 16.6%
Average of 5500 people/km2
Age profile
Median age is 34
Immigrants are disproportionately young
Population
Growing by 1.3% per year
House prices:
Av. house in 2013 cost £425k
Cosmopolitan
Has become much more multi-ethnic
Reputation for tolerance – election of Sadiq Khan
Ways of life
Culture
Impressive landmarks
eg. Houses of Parliament, London Eye, St. Paul's Cathedral
Entertainment
West End
Royal Opera House
Bars and parties at night
2017: 5th most culturally influential city in the world
Ethnicity
Very diverse
China Town, Korea Town
Bricklane's curry houses
Regular music nights at clubs dedicated to international music
Housing
Since 2008: pop. increase by over a million
By 2020: pop. of 9 million
2013: 12x yearly income spent on a house – 10% drop in home ownership
Leisure
13 professional football teams
–> 5 in the Premier League
Wembley, Twickenham
Olympic Games 2012
47% is green space
Consumption
Some of the best shopping in the world
West End – largest retail areas in Europe
Westfield
New Exchange in the City of London
Harrods – 15Mn visitors a year
Contemporary challenges
Housing availability
By 2021: 800k new houses will be needed
8k people sleep rough each night
Prices have gone up by x5 between 1996-2016
Over 30% rent
transport provision
10Mn people use public transport a day
Some tube stations frequently closed due to overcrowding eg. Victoria – busier than Heathrow
Average driving speed is 8mph
Access to services
1.9 doctors per 1000 people
Growing and ageing population increases pressure on health services
2018: short of 133,000 primary and secondary places
Inequality
Highest proportion of the poorest tenth of people
Second highest proportion of the richest tenth of people
Richest people are 14x as wealthy as the poorest people
Poverty increased by 80% in 35 years
Harare
Information
Nicknamed 'the sunshine city' - has 2781 hours of sunshine a year
Importance
Harare is a hub of rail, road and air transport and is the center of Zimbabwe's industry and commerce
It is the main distribution point for the agricultural produce of surrounding areas and an important link for surrounding gold mines
Deemed the most productive city north of the Limpopo in South Africa
Negative
2009: rated the world's least liveable city (140th) by the Economist
2015: ranked 133rd
Statistics
Area: 960km2
Density 2500 people/km2
Average household size: 3.9
Population 2.1Mn
34% of people <15; 64% 15-64; 2%> 65
Economic and employment
IMF: Ranked Zimbabwe 114th in the world
–> GDP/c: $14,500
2nd worst country in the world for PPP
Unemployment:
5% including informal sector
90% not including informal sector
Rapid Growth
Harare makes up 50% of Zimbabwe's urban population
Has very rapid
rural-urban migration
and natural increase
The government cannot adequately supply accommodation, social services, health care and transport services
Has also suffered from rapid
emigration
since 1990
=> major brain drain
Ethnicity and citizenship
Ethnic Africans: 98%
Non-Ethnic Africans: 2%
Zimbabwean citizens: 98%
Aliens: 2%
Malawian aliens: 35%
Mozambican aliens: 22%
Education
Over 80 schools
Population in school: 60%
3-24 y/o never been to school: 10%
3-24 y/o drop-outs: 30%
99% literacy rate
University of Zimbabwe
Oldest and one of the largest universities in Zimbabwe
Opened in 1952 with a special relationship with the University of London
Has ten faculties
Offers a wide variety of degree programs and many specialist research centres and institutes
Lifestyle and culture
Mix of traditional Shona culture and western lifestyle
Major shopping centres: Sam Levey's Village, Westgate, East Gate
Informal markets: Avondale flea market – for locally produced arts and crafts
Restaurants: Amanzi, the Book Cafe, Raintree
Museums and galleries: National Heroes Acre, National gallery of Zimbabwe, Chapungu Sculpture Park
International exports: Patrick Mavros Jewelry
Sporting Events: All Africa Games 1995, World Cup Cricket 2003 (with South Africa), Football World Cup (w.SA)
Housing
Formal sector: range from basic to lavish houses
Informal sector: squatter camps, shanty towns, very poor conditions – no sanitation, electricity or water
Problems – cholera outbreak
August 2008 – started in Chitungwiza
–> declared a national emergency by December
Causes
Breakdown of municipal water supply, sanitation and waste collection
Limited access to healthcare
Poor healthcare infrastructure
By Dec: 4 major hospitals shut down
Open hospitals lacked medicine – hyperinflation meant many hospital could not buy basic drugs and medicines
Political instability => many doctors emigrated
Worsened by:
High HIV prevalence
Political instability
Many displaced people
Lack of access to safe water
Food shortages
Jan 2009: 8500 outbreaks reported each week
–> 4500 deaths
–> almost 100,000 cases in total
Responses
UNICEF: secured international donor funding to provide sufficient water treatment chemicals for 3 weeks and arranged shipment of chemicals for another 4 months
UNICEF: distributed 36,000L of water per day as well as buckets and soap
WHO: rolled out response plan to run health centres around Zimbabwe totalling $340,000
World Vision: donated $4,000,000 of medication
Sustainability in Harare
Problems
Waste management is one of their greatest challenges
Highly inadequate and malfunctioning equipment
Insufficient budget for local authorities
Increases the risk of water-borne diseases
Solution –
Recycle Today
Offers basic, unaccredited recycling training free of charge
Mission statement: 'We believe that a clean environment and an informed nation give birth to a rich and healthy nation'
Build a network of litter monitors within different communities
Cash incentive
Collectors bring recycling to the collection cages and are paid for their contribution
Recycling is transported to the recycling plants by Recycle Today where they process waste and resell it to manufacturers
Value
Aluminium cans = $150/ton
Glass = $6/ton
White paper = $35/ton
Steel cans = $25/ton
Success?
Relatively new – can't evaluate success
Quite small-scale, probably not be able to solve the waste management problem
A step in the right direction for Harare