Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Muscular System Celeste Perez P.6 (Types of Body Movement (adduction-…
Muscular System Celeste Perez P.6
Muscles of the Head
Platysma
insertion:
tissue around mouth
action:
pulls corners of mouth inferiorly
origin:
connective tissue covering of superior chest muscles
Temporalis
insertion
mandible
action
closes jaw
Origin
temporal bone
Buccinator
origin:
maxilla and mandible
insertion:
orbicularius oris
action:
compresses cheek as in whistling and sucking
Orbicularis Oris
insertion
skin and muscle around mouth
action
closes and protrudes mouth
origin
mandible and maxilla
Masseter
insertion
mandible
action
closes jaw
origin
temporal bone
Zygomaticus
Insertion:
skin and muscle at the corner of lips
Action:
raises corner of mouth
Origin:
Zygomatic bone
Orbicularis Oculi
origin:
frontal bone and maxilla
insertion:
tissue around eyes
action:
blinks (closes eyes)
Sternocleidomastoid
origin
sternum and clavicle
insertion
temporal bone
action
flexes neck; rotates head
Frontalis
Origin:
Cranial aponeurosis
action:
raises eyebrows
insertion:
skin of eyebrows
Muscles of the Trunk
Latissimus Dorsi
origin
lower spine and iliac crest
insertion
proximal humerous
action
extends and abducts humerous
Trapezius
origin
occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae
insertion
scapular spine and clavicle
action
extends necks and abducts scapula
Rectus Abdominis
origin
pubis
insertion
sternum and 5th to 7th ribs
action
flexes vertebral column
External Obliques
origin
lower eight ribs
insertion
iliac crest
action
flexes and rotates vertebral column
Pectorlis Major
Insertion
proximal humerous
action
abducts and flexes humerous
Origin
sternum and clavicle and first to 6th ribs
Erector Spinae
origin
iliac crest, ribs 3-12, and vertebrae
insertion
ribs, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae
action
raises the spine
Muscles of the Arm
Extensor Digitorium
insertion
distal phalanges of 2nd to 5th fingers
action
extends fingers and wrist
origin
distal humerous
Tricep Brachii
insertion
olecranon process of ulna
action
extends elbow
origin
shoulder girdle and proximal humerous
Flexor Digitorium Superficiali
insertion
middle phalanges of 2nd and 5th finger
action
flexes wrist and abducts hand
origin
distal humerous ulna and radius
Flexor Crapi Radialis
origin
distal humerous
insertion
2nd and 3rd metacarpals
action
flexes wrist and abducts hand
Deltoid
insertion
humerous
action
abducts humerous
origin
scapular spine and clavicle
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
origin
distal humerous and posterior
insertion
carpal of wrist and 5th finger
action
flexes wrist and abducts hand
Bicep Brachii
insertion
proximal radius
action
flexes elbow and supinates forearm
Origin
Scapula of shoulder girdle
Extensor Carpi Radialis
origin
humerous
insertion
distal phalanges; 2nd and 5th fingers
action
extends fingers and wrist
Muscles of Thigh and Leg
Extensor Digitorium Longus
insertion
2nd and 3rd phalanges of the toes
action
dorsi flexes toes and foot
origin
anterior lateral condyle of tibia
Sartorius
insertion
proximal/tibia
action
flexes thigh on hip
origin
ilium
Tibialis Anterior
insertion
medial and inferior cunefiorm tarsal
origin
superior surface of tibia
action
dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
Quadracep group
origin
Vasti femur, rectus femoris; pelvis
insertion
tibia tuberosity via patelar ligament
action
all extend knee; rectus
Gluteus Maximus
insertion
posterior gluteal
action
extends thigh and back of the waist
origin
The buttocks
Hamstring
origin
ischial tubursity
insertion
proximal tibia
action
flex knees and external hip
Adductor Muscles
insertion
femur and tibia
origin
pelvis
action
moving parts towards midline
Gastrocnemus
insertion
calcaneus
origin
Distal femur
action
plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
Iliopsoas
insertion
femur
action
flexes hip
origin
ilium and lumbar vertebrae
Soleus
origin
proximal tibia and fibula
insertion
calcaneus
action
plantar flexes foot
Muscular system
muscles are responsible for all types of body movement
three muscle types
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
attached by tendons to bones
striated-visable bonding
cells are long, cylindrical, parallel, and multicleated
voluntary-subjected to conscious control
Cardiac
forms heart wall
joined to another cells at intercalated disc
has striations
involuntary
cells are long, cylindrical, branched, has single central nucleus
smooth
has no striations
found mainly in hollow walls of organs and eyes (controls size of pupil)
spindle-shaped cells with single central nucleus
involuntary
Function of Muscle
movement of substances within body
stabilizing joints body posture and regulating organ volume
motion- change in body position
thermogenesis (heat production)
Characteristics of Muscles
irritability
ability of muscles and nerves to respond to stimulus by producing electrical signals or actions potentials
contractility
ability to shorten when an adequate is received
Connective Tissue of Muscle
Epimysium
covers the entire skeletal muscle
Three layers
come together to form tendons
Perimysium
around a fascicle (bundle of muscle fiber)
tendons
attach muscles to periosteum of bones
Endomysium
around single myocyte= muscle fiber= muscle cell
Aponeurosis
broad band of CT which form a flat layer of tendons
Fascia
thin band of fibrous CT under the skin or around the organs
Anatomy of Muscle FIber
myoglobulin for oxygen storage
both required for cellular respiration (contains many mitochondria for production of ATP)
many laterally located nuclei
when muscle contracts
fuse to form cisternae
glycogen- (glucose) for energy
sarcoplasmic reticulum- specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum storage and release of calloium when muscle contracts
Sarcoplasm-cytoplasm of muscle cell
Transverse Tubules
infoldings of sarcolemma that penetrates into muscle fiber; filled with extra cellular fluid
open to cell surface and extends into muscle cell
T-tubules and cisternae from traid
surronds sarcoplasmic reticulu and signals the SR to release calcium
Sarcolemma- cell membrane of muscle cell
Myofibril
bundles of myofilaments aligned to give distinct bands
Myosin filaments have cross bridges (links thin and thick filaments)
Sarcomere
one contractile unit or or section of myofibral
extends from z line to z line
I band- light band (thin filaments only)
Z line- dark midline of I band
A band- dark band (thick and thin filaments)
H zone- lighter central area of A band (thick filaments only)
M line- central of the H zone
Myofibrils made of myofilaments
thin myofilaments primarily actin
thick myofilaments -myosin
Muscle fibers made of Myofibrils
surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Motor Neuron
One motor neuron may stimulate many muscle cells
muscle must be stimulated by nerve to contract
Nerve cell that stimulates skeletal muscle
Motor Unit
Made of one motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates
these cells all contact each other together
small- control precise movements
large -control large movements
Neuromuscular Junction
Axon- long portion of nerves; releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter- chemical messenger stored and release by synaptic vessel into synapse crest
synaptic cleft- gap between neuron and sarcolemma
synapse- connection between nerve with muscles and other organs
acetylcholine (Ach)- neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle
connection of nerves and skeletal muscle
axonal terminals- ends of axons; many branches
synaptic end bulb- found in axonal terminal (contains synaptic vesicles)
motor end plate- region across synaptic cleft from the synaptic end bulb (no muscle fiber)
contains many receptors for Ach
Muscle Contraction
Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on motor end plate of he muscle cell
this causes receptor to change shape and open Na+ channels in sarcolemma
Nerve impulses reaches synaptic end bulb and causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with neurolemma and release Ach
Electrical current is generated and is carried along sarcolemma, causes action potential (muscle contraction)
Sliding Filament Theory
Ca++ binds to actin myofilament, exposing the myosin binding site
Myosin attaches to actin forming actin/myosin crossbridge
Nerve impulse or action potential travels down sarcolemma and into t-tubules causing sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++ into sarcoplasm
Myosin head moves toward M line of sarcomere, pullling actin filaments past myosin
this action is repeated many times powered by ATP
Zline get closer together as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, an sarcomeres shorten (H zone disappears) shortening the entire myofil.
Muscles Relaxation
Ach is broken down by an enzyme called acetylcholine
Ach on potentials are no longer generated store the Ca++ channels in SR close
Resting potential is reached when Na+ returns to its initial position
Naming of Skeletal Muscle
direction of muscle fibers
ex) rectus (straight)
Location of the muscle
ex) many muscle are named for bone (ie temporalis)
Shape of the muscle
ex) deltoid (triangular)
number of origins
ex) triceps (three heads)
Relative size of the muscle
Ex) Maximus (largest)
Location of muscle origin and insertion
ex) sterno (on the sternum)
action of the muscle
Ex) flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
Types of Body Movement
adduction- movement of limb toward the midline
Circumduction- proximal end of a limb is stationary and the distal end circle
abduction- movement of limb away the midline
dorsiflexion- lifting the superior surface of foot towards shin
rotation- movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis
plantar flexion- pointing toe
hypertension- extension beyond 180 degrees
inversion- turn sole of foot medially
extension- movement that increases angle of joint
Eversion- turn sole of foot laterally
Flexion - movement that decreases angle of joint
supination- forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly laterally so palm faces posteriorly
opposition- movement of thumb to touch tips of other fingers