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B6: preventing and treating disease (antibiotic resistance (you start…
B6: preventing and treating disease
vaccinations
a small amount of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen is injected
this stimulates WBCs to produce the antibodies needed
the antibodies destroy the antigens without giving you the disease
if you meet the same, live pathogen, memory cells (type of WBC) respond rapidly because they 'remember' the correct antibody to use
therefore, you are now immune to future infections
keywords
vaccine= dead or inactive pathogenic material used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person
placebo= a medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested
herd immunity= where a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease
antibiotics= drugs that damage bacteria and eventually kill them, without harming your own cells
antibiotic resistance
you start taking an antibiotic
some bacteria are susceptible to the antibiotic. some are resistant to antibiotic
the susceptible (weak) bacteria are killed first
only resistant (strong) bacteria are left
you start to fell better
you stop taking the antibiotic
the resistant (strong) bacteria reproduce
the resistant (strong) bacteria are now more common
if you take the antibiotic again, it wont work - all the bacteria are resistant
new drugs must be:
effective
safe
stable
successfully takin into and removed from your body
discovering drugs
traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms
the heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves
the painkiller aspirin originates from willow
penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium mould
developing drugs
step 1: research = researchers target a disease and make lots of possible new drugs
step 2: preclinical testing = the drugs are tested in the lab for toxicity and efficiency. they are tested on cells, tissues, whole organs, animals
step 3: clinical trials = clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients. first, low doses are given to healthy people to check for side effects. if it is safe, it is tested on patients to test for efficiency and dosage