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Health Economics, Supply (Supply Curve (output (x) vs price (y), marginal…

- - - - taxes
    - - subsidise costs
  - - - risk-adjusted premiums
      - introduction: co-payments, deductible, user fee
      - CAVE: not helful if supplier-induced demand
- - - - average cost-effectiveness ratio (single intervention)
    - - incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (additional benefits if B is used instead of A)
      - difference in cost / difference in outcome
- - - - payments at point of service (user fees, informal payment, private full / co-payments
    - - compulsory
        
        taxes (general revenue / earmarked)
        
        mandated contribution (social health insurance)
      - voluntary
        
        private health insurance
    - - increase government health expenditure: revenue collection, tax governance, higher allocation to health
      - expand mandatory social health sector
      - innovative mechanisms: "sin" taxes on alc; mobile phone charges
    - - revenue generation
      - sustainability
      - efficiency (costs of collection, effects of incentives)
      - equity
    - - directe payments
      - VAT (depending on structure
      - social health insurance (if only for formal sector)
      - voluntary health insurance: if main fainancing source
      - Catastrophic expenditure
      - Impoverishing expenditure
    - - personal income tax
      - social health insurance
      - voluntary health insurance: if for those opting out of SHI; if providing top-up cover
  - - - adverse selection
      - moral hazards
  - - - salary
      - fee-for-service
      - capitation / block contract
      - fixed budget
      - daily rate
      - case payment