Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Rise of Dictatorships after WWI (Japan (Methods of Control (Violence and…
Rise of Dictatorships after WWI
Japan
Hideki Tojo
Political Persuasion
Anti-democratic regime
Nationalist imperialism/ hyper-nationalism(dominates political and social life of a nation)
Military Oligarchy
Military absolutism
Right wing - not as radical as fascism
Tojo's power subject to the authority of the army
When and how did this leader emerge
Emperor Tojo - 1937
Rise to power NOT characterised by the 'cult of personality'
Emerges due to factional power struggles within the Japanese army
On the surface the civilian government continued to operate but in reality the military was in control
Why did this leader emerge
Japan's international position was suffering
Mistakenly believed that their support in the war would win esteem from the allied powers
Bid for 'racial equality' was rejected and they took this as a personal insult
Growing influence of US in the Pacific and their restrictions on Japanese immigration
Growing resentment of Western Powers
The impact of the Great Depression in 1929
Bribery and corruption were commonplace for politicians
Military believed the solution was through expansion overseas
Methods of Control
Violence and assassinations of political opponents
Japanese military police the Kempetai used intimidated
Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 - the LON failed to stop this invasion
1932-1936: continued to invade China - reminiscent of Japan's expansionist foreign policy
Justified invasions by claiming to create a "Greater Co-Prosperity Sphere" in Asia free of Western influence
Military alliance with Germany and Italy 1940 (Tripartite Pact)
Rapid industrialisation
Importance of propaganda and education in inciting patriotism to the emperor
Traditional ideas promoted, western ideas suppressed
Historians
“… beneath the modernity beat the hearts of warriors who were essentially samurai in their attitudes…” (Edwin Palmer Hoyt)
“The nation was urged to put aside its grievances, unite in loyalty to the emperor and contribute to Japan’s imperial mission” (Rachel Wall)
“Autocratic bureaucracy” (Ian Kershaw)
Russia
Joseph Stalin
Political Persuasion
Communism ideology
Left wing regime whereas all other inter-war dictatorships were right wing
Pursuit of ideology of Marxism/Leninism was aimed in achieving the paradise of a classless communist society
Violence and terror gradually became a part of the Soviet political life
When and how did this leader emerge?
Obtained after Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924
Post Revolution
Stalin was the Commissar of Nationalities and ran the Peasant and Workers’ Inspectorate which had power to remove ‘corrupt’ people
Eliminated Trotsky as an opponent by manipulation the ideological debate about the countries future and continued to diminish his role within the past in Russia throughout his leadership.
Why did this leader emerge?
Dissatisfaction of the Tsar, poor economic conditions
War brought out extreme poverty for the Russian population and terrible conditions for the army
Political grievances with Rasputin seemingly having control over the country whilst the Tsar was at the war front
February Revolution saw the end of Romanov Dynasty
Russian Revolution allowed for Vladimir Lenin to obtain power
Methods of Control
Secret Police; the Cheka and later the NKVD (the Peoples Commissar for Internal Affairs)
Banished political opponents to Gulags in Siberia; 1936 the 'great purge'
Censorship and control over education and media, only views acceptable to Stalin were allowed
There was a cult like personality that grew for Stalin
Stalin's dictatorship was rested on force and terror; labour camps for anti-party behaviour or thinking
Historians
“…This book is an expression of the most dissolute flattery, an example of making a man into a godhead…Finally, no other words could be found to lift Stalin uo to the heavens” – Nikita Khrushchev in a Speech to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party
“…Society citizens at all levels of society were subjected to intense secret police surveillance and were constantly subject to possible arrest for real or imagined infractions, often followed by long, indeed indeterminate setences to forced- labour camps…” – Theda Skocpol: States and Social Revolutions
Italy
Mussolini
Political Persuasion
Brought intense Fascism to the world
strong nationalism
Charismatic and powerful in a time of uncertainty and political and economic unrest
Used Italy's anger from the Paris Peace Conference to encourage violence and nationalism
Appealed originally to the working class promising an 8 hour work day
Seen as BUYING support
When and how did the leader emerge?
From 1922-1945 he forged the parliamentary fascist movement in 1919 and became Prime Minister in 1922
Got rid of democrat and introduced DIARCHY (two headed leadership shared between Mussolini and the King)
Destroyed ballot papers from people believed to vote against
He introduced a Fascist Grand Council which would decide policy for Italy without consulting the non-fascists in government first
Why did this leader emerge?
Anger from 1919; had been promised large amounts of territories from Allies in WWI
Orlando left Treaty of Versailles in disgust after realising Italy will not get anything from the 'Big 4' and he couldn't contribute as he doesn't speak English - later returned to sign
Shared anger with Peace Conference laid foundation for alliance with Germany in the future
Methods of Control
Persecuted targeted groups
Established terror
Censorship in newspapers
Secret police (OVRA) who beat up enemies of state
ARCEBO LAW
changed election results so that if one party held just 25% or more of the votes, they go 66% of seats in parliament and therefore could pass anything the party wished with very limited consequences
Many politicians agreed to this law as Mussolini had brought in fascist thugs with heavy artillery who threatened anyone who spoke against him
Matteotti was Italy’s leading socialist Member of Parliament and fascists killed him to set an example
Historians
“Democracy is beautiful in theory; in practice it is a fallacy. You in America will see that someday.”
Mussolini
“A good beating did not hurt anyone”
Spring 1924 Mussolini
“Italy wants peace and quiet, work and calm. I will give these things with love if possible and with force if necessary.”