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chapter 18 (phylogeny (systematics (nomenclature (natural system of…

- - - - that reflects their relationships accurately; the body or system of names in a particular field.
      - natural system of classification
        
        a system in ehich closely related organisms are classified together, and assigning plant names on the basis of phylogenetic relationships. the nomenclature would reflect the natural system of classification
        
        species
        
        which ideally and theoretically is a set of individuals closely related by descent from a common ancestor. members of a species can interbreed with each other successfully but cannot interbreed with individuals of any other species
        
        genera
        
        deciding whether several species are closely related enough to be placed together in the same genus is difficult. no objective criteria exist; the decision is entirely subjective and is often the cause of great dispute. #
- - - - it was the first major attempt at a natural system of classification , and people could not help but whether some species within each genus had not evolved from others. perhaps similar genera had changed, evolved. science was still dominated by the idea of divinely created types
      - monophyletic
        
        the critical concern is that the genera are natural, that all of the species included in the genus are related to each other by a common ancestor, and that all descendants of that common ancestor are in the same genus.
        
        polyphyletic group
        
        members have evolved from different ancestors an may resemble each other only as a result of convergent evolution
        
        family
        
        the level above genus, being composed of one, several, or often many genera. most families are well defined, with widespread agreement as to which species and genera belong in a particular family.
        
        kingdom
        
        each of the three traditional divisions (animal, vegetable, and mineral) in which natural objects have conventionally been classified.
        
        order
        
        below the class, and comprised of families sharing a set of similar nature or character
        
        class
        
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- - - - all of the branches that extend from any particular pint represent the descendants of the original group
      - clade
        
        any ancestor and all of the branches that lead form it
        
        apomorphy
        
        A derived trait distinct to a certain species or group in a phylogenetic tree down to its descendant
        
        ancestral condition
        
        most recent common ancestor
        
        the most recent node form the clade (first)
        
        paraphyletic group
        
        one that does not contain all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor
        
        uniformative
        
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