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nonvascular plants: mosses, liverworts, and hownworts (characters of…

- - - - gametophores- leafy stems of mosses. grows close together, tightly appressed, and forms mounds
      - most gametophytes grow from apical meristem
      - mosses stems are slender and have little tissue differentiation
        
        stems mostly contain cortex
    - - cortex is composed of cells known as hydroids that conduct water and dissolved minerals
      - species that have hydroids most likely will have leptoids that symbolize sieve cells
      - base of the stem are rhizoids which anchors the stem
    - - protonema- alga-like cells that grow from the spore during germination
    - - all mosses are oogamous- all mosses have small biflagellate sperm cells are large nonmotile egg cells
      - antheridia- sperm produced in microgametangia
      - eggs occur in megagmentangia called archegonia
  - - - capsule consists of an outer layer of sterile cells and an inner column of sterile cells
- - - - leafy liverworts
        
        resembles that of mosses
      - thallose liverworts
        
        leaves are flat and ribbon like and bilaterally symmetrical
        
        body is sometimes referred to as thallus- lacks roots, stems, and leaves
        
        contains air pores- not stomata and does not contain guard cells