Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons through neurotransmitters

Axon Terminals: when receiving a signal, release neurotransmitters

Myelin Sheath: make it so the signal goes faster in axon by reducing the amount the signal has to depolarize again.

Axon Hillock: place where signal becomes an action potential on the axon. Summation occurs here.

Sarcolemma: plasma membrane that is semipermeable, decides what goes in muscle cells

Myofibril: Contracts the muscle cell through the sliding filament mechanism

Sarcomere: contractile unit of a muscle cell. Made up of two proteins called actin and myosin.

Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of the muscle cell, has many mitochondria and more than one nucleus. Location of myofibrils

Cardiac Muscle: Striated. Involuntary. Located in walls of the heart. Pumps blood

Smooth Muscle: Non-striated. Involuntary. Located in the walls of organs. Helps movement of substances

Skeletal Muscle: Striated. Voluntary. Located around bones. Creates motion, posture, and heat production

T-Tubules: fold in around the sarcolemma of each myofibril so that the charge can change everywhere to contract

No Summation: One slow firing presynaptic neuron that causes EPSPs far apart in time

Temporal Summation:One rapidly firing presynaptic neuron that causes EPSPs close in time

Spatial Summation: more than one presynaptic neuron fires at the same time. EPSPs are generated at different locations on the neuron.

Excitatory: Neurotransmitters that open channels that depolarize the membrane. Include Voltage-Gated NA+ Channels.

Inhibitory: Neurotransmitters that open channels that hyperpolarize the membrane. Include Voltage-Gated K+ and Cl- Channels

Spores enter the body through a deep cut with low oxygen to breed in. Create a toxin called tetanospasmin which travels to the spine and gets in the way of nerve signals from interneurons to motor neurons. This blocks the signals for relaxation of muscles, causing more muscle contractions.