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INTERACTIVE SYSTEM DESIGN & EVALUATION Types of HCI (Human Computer…

- - - - Message passing: The user exchanges messages with the computer (Unix and DOS command line interfaces)
        
        Direct manipulation: The user directly manipulates object represented in the computer (Windows & Mac GUIs)
  - - - Physical Environments with embedded sensor technologies (Context aware)
      - EXPLORING THE WEB
        
        www is a collection of places and routes between them
        
        we can wonder around
        
        But not usually a 3D physical space
        
        Hypertext structures follow their own geograpical rules
    - - VCR, word processor, vending machine, command-line OS Shells
        
        Main benefit is that instructing supports quick/efficient interaction
        
        Button-press commands fast
        
        Well learned keyboard commands very fast
        
        keyboard interfaces can support complex commands
        
        good for repetitive kinds of actions performaed on multiple objects
    - - Underlyling model of having a conversation with another human
        
        Range from simple voice recognition menu-driven systems to more complex 'natural language' dialogs
        
        Examples include timetables, search engines, advice giving systems, help systems
        
        Also virtual agents, toys and pet robots designed to converse with you
      - PROS AND CONS
        
        Allows users, especially novices and technophobes to interact with system in a way thats familiar
        
        Makes them feel comfortable, at ease and less scared
        
        Misunderstanding can arise when the system does not know how to parse what the user says
        
        Design principle: System shouldn't pretend to be smarter than it is
    - - Involves dragging, selecting, opening, closing and zooming actions on virtual objects
        
        Exploits users knowledge of how they move and manipulate things in the physical world
        
        Simple: Mouse (etc) controls location + one action
        
        Can involve actions using physical controllers (e.g. Wii) or air gestures (e.g. Kinect) to control the movements of an on screen avatar
        
        Tagged physical objects (e.g. balls) that are manipulated in a physical world result in physical/digital events (e.g. animation)
      - DIRECT MANIPULATION
        (Ben Schneiderman)
        
        Continous representation of objects and actions of interest
        
        Physical actions and button pressing instead of issueing commands with complex syntax
        
        Rapid reversible actions with immediate feedback on object of interest
        
        OBJECT ORIENTED
        
        System is a transparent medium
        
        Objects can be:
        
        interface objects - windows, buttons, etc
        
        application objects - paragraph, appointment, customer order etc.
        
        User can
        
        specify type of object to manipulate
        
        provide data values for objects
        
        specify actions to perform on objects
        
        Computer responds by showing the current state of the object
        
        INTERACTING WITH MULTIMEDIA APPS
        
        Seen as human computer dialogue
        
        Doesnt't look like reading in and interacting with components
        
        User input looks like button pressing
        
        Fascilitates view of system as machine
        *User remains outside machine
        
        Limited range of distinct system actions
        
        System actions choose new state or go on until they stop
        
        But computer is transparent
        
        ADVANTAGES
        
        Novices can learn the basic functionality quickly
        
        Experienced users can work extremely rapidly to carry out a wide range of tasks, even defining new functions
        
        Intermeittent users can retain operational concepts over time
        
        Error messages rarely needed
        
        Users can immediately see if theri actions are furthering their goals and if not do something else
        
        Users experience less anxiety
        
        Users gain confidence and mastery and feel in control
        
        DISADVANTAGES
        
        Not all taks can be described by movements of objects and simple commands, and not all actions can be done directly
        
        Some tasks are better achieved through delegating e.g. spell checking
        
        Controls can gobble screen space
        
        Moving a mouse around the screen can be slower than pressing function keys to do tsame actions
        
        Terrible for repeating procedures for lots of items
    - - Direct manipulation is good for 'doing' types of tasks, e.g. designing, drawing, flying, driving, sizing windows
        
        Issuing instructions is good for repetitive taks, e.g. spell checking file management
        
        Having a conversation is good for children, computer-phobic, disabled user and specialized applications (e.g. phone services)
        
        Hybrid conceptual models are often employed, where different ways of carrying out the same actions is supported at the interface - but can take longer to learn