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Muscular System (Body Movement Terminology Structure and Organization…
Muscular System
Body Movement Terminology Structure and Organization Levels of the Skeletal Muscle
Flexion
Movement that decreases angle of joint
Extension
Movement that increases angle of joint
Hyperextension
Extension beyond 180 degrees
Rotation
Movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from midline
Adduction
Movement of a limb towards the midline
Circumduction
Proximal end of a limb is stationary and the distal end moves in circle
Dorsiflexion
Lifting the superior surface of foot towards shin
Plantar Flexion
Pointing toe
Inversion
Turn sole of foot medially
Eversion
Turn sole of foot laterally
Muscles (Locations and Actions)
Muscles of the Trunk
Pectoralis Major
Location: Proximal humerus, sternum, clavicle, and first to sixth ribs
Action: Adducts and flexes humerus
Trapezius
Location: Scapular spine and clavicle (occipital bone and cervical and thoratic vertebrae)
Action: Extends necks and adducts scapula
Rectus Abdominis
Location: Sternum and fifth to seventh ribs, pubis
Action: Flexes vertebrae column
External Obliques
Location: Iliac crest, lower eight ribs
Action: Flexes and rotates vertebral column
Latissimus Dorsi
Location: Proximal humerus, lower spine, and iliac crest
Action: Extends and adducts humerus
Erector Spinae
Location: Ribs, thoratic and cervical vertebrae, iliac crests, ribs 3-12, and vertebrae
Action: Extends back
Muscles of the Head
Frontalis
Location: Forehead
Action: Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
Temporalis
Location: Fan-shaped bone overlying temporal bone
Action: Closes jaw
Orbicularis Oculi
Location: Fiber around the eyes
Action: Allows you to close your eyes, squint, blink, and wink
Orbicular Oris
Location: Skin and muscle around mouth
Action: Closes and protrudes lips
Zygomaticus
Location: Corner of the mouth to cheek bone
Action: Raises the corners of the mouth upward
Masseter
Location: Runs from temporal bone to mandible
Action: Closes the jaw by elevating mandible
Buccinator
Location: Muscle across the cheek and in orbicularis oris
Action: Compresses cheek to hold food between teeth during chewing
Sternocleidomastoid
Location: Temporal bone, sternum, and clavicle
Action: Flexes neck: rotates head
Playtysma
Location: Tissue around mouth
Action: Pulls corners of mouth inferiorly
Muscles of the Arm
Bicep Brachii
Location: Proximal radius, scapula of shoulder girdle
Action: Flexes elbow and supinates forearm
Deltoid
Location: Across the shoulder girdle from spine of scapula to the clavicle
Action: Abducts arm
Tricep Brachii
Location: Olecranon process of ulna, shoulder girdle and proximal humerus
Action: Extends elbow
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Location: Second and third metacarpals, distal humerus
Action: Flexes wrists and fingers
Flexor Digitorium Superficial
Location: Middle phalanges of second of fifth fingers, distal humerus, ulna, and radius
Action: Flexes wrists and fingers
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Location: Carpals of wrists and fifth metacarpals, distal humerus, and posterior ulna
Action: Flexes writs and adducts hand
Extensor Digitorim
Location: Distal phalanges of second to fifth fingers, distal humerus
Action: Extends fingers and wrists
Extensor Carpi Radialis
Location: Base of second and third metacarpals, humerus
Action: Extends wrists and abducts hand
Muscles of the Thigh and Leg
Iliopsoas
Location: Femur, Ilium, and lumbar vertebrae
Action: Flexes hip
Adductor Muscles
Location: Proximal femur and pelvis
Action: Adducts thigh
Gluteus Maximus
Location: Proximal femur, sacrum and ilium
Action: Extends hip
Tibialis Anterior
Location: First cuneiform and first metacarpals, proximal tibia
Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Extensor Digitorium Longus
Location: Distal toes 2-5, proximal tibia and radius
Action: Extends toes and dorsiflexes foot
Sartorius
Location: Proximal tibia, ilium
Action: Flexes thigh on hip
Quadracep Group
Location: Tibia tuberosity via patellar ligament and femur
Action: All extends knee: rectus femons also flexes hip on thigh
Hamstring
Location: Proximal tibia, ischial tuberisty
Action: Flex knee and extends hip
Gastrocnemius
Location: Calcaneus and distal femur
Action: Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
Soleus
Location: Calcaneus, proximal tibia and fibula
Action: Plantar flexes foot
Physiology of Muscle Contraction
Nerve impulse reaches synaptic end bulbs and causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with neurolemma and release ach
Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft, and binds with receptors on motor and plate of the muscle cell
This causes receptor to change shape, and opens Nat channels is carcolemma
Electrical current is generated and is carried along sarcolemma, causes action potential (muscle contraction)
3 Types of Muscle Tissues
Skeletal Muscle
Cells are long, cylindrical, parallel, and multinucleated
Attached by tendons to bones
Striated- visible banding
Voluntary- subject to conscious control
Cardiac Muscle
Cells are long, cylindrical, branched, has single central nucleus
Has striations
Forms heart wall
Joined to another cells at intercalated disc
Involuntary
Smooth Muscle
Spindle-shaped cells with single central nucleus
Has no striations
Found mainly in hallow walls of organs, and eyes (controls size of pupil)
Involuntary