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The Muscular System by Leslie De La Rosa Period 4 (Disorders (Myofascial…
The Muscular System by Leslie De La Rosa
Period 4
Major functions
Maintain posture and body position
muscles make one tiny adjustment one after another to counteract the nerve-ending downward pull of gravity.
Stabilize Joints
strengthen and stabilize joints
Produce Movement
Skeletal muscles responsible for locomotion and manipulation
enable you to respond
blood courses through body due to beating cardiac muscle of the heart and smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels.
Generate heat
They generate heat as they contract which helps maintain body temperature
Names of Muscles
Lower Body
adducter longus
adduct the thigh
sartorius
diagonally crosses the anterior thigh to attach medially to tibia
gracilis
adducts the thigh and flexes the leg
rectus femoris
hip adduction and assists knee flexion
vastus lateralis
strength and stability
vastus medialis
extend knee
bicep femoris (Posterior)
extends thigh, bends and rotates knee
semitendinosus (Posterior)
flexes knee and extends hip
semimembranosus (Posterior)
flexes and rotates leg
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
extensor digitorum longus
dorsiflexes toes and foot
fibularis longus
bends and flexes leg
gastrocnemius
plantarflexes the ankle
soleus
plantar flexes the ankle
iliopsoas
flexor of the hip joint
Upper Body
extensor carpi radialis (Posterior)
wrist extensors
latissimus dorsi (Posterior)
extends, adducts,and medially rotates the shoulder
teres major (Posterior)
medial rotator and adductor and raises humerus downwards and backwards
infraspinatus (Posterior)
aids in shoulder joint motion and stability
external oblique
laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column (superficial)
rectus abdominis
abdominal muscle that flexes vertebral column (superficial)
Flexor Carpi radialis
flexes and abducts the wrist
brachioradialis
flexes and supinates the forearm at the elbow
tricep branchii
extends forearm at the elbow
bicep branchii
flexes the forearm
serratus anterior
accessory respiratory muscle; raises rib cage
pectoralis major
flexes, adducts, and rotates the shoulder medially
deltoid
abduct, flexes, extends, and rotates the arm
Sternocleidomastoid
one side contraction: laterally flexes neck, rotates head to opposite side
both sides together: flexes neck forward
Trapezius
extends/straightens and hyperextends the neck and elevates shoulders
extensor digitorum (Posterior)
extends the fingers
Cranium
Levator scapulae
lifts the scapula
Frontalis
raises eyebrow
Buccinator
muscle for sucking in your cheek
Occipitalis
moves scalp back
Temporalis
closes jaw
Orbicularis oris
closes lips
Masseter
closes the jaw
Zygomaticus
raises the corner of the mouth
Platysma
superficial muscles of the front of the neck
Obicularis oculi
closes the eye
3 Types of Muscle Tissue and their Functions
Smooth Muscle
found in walls of hollow visceral organs
forces fluids and other substances through internal body channels
forms valves to regulate passage of substances through internal body organs
elongated cells but are non-striated and involuntary
Cardiac Muscle
striated and involuntary
Contract without being stimulated by the nervous system, and at a steady rate set by heart peacemaker's but neutral controls allow heart to speed up
Skeletal Muscle
Are packaged into muscles and organs that attach and cover skeleton
longest muscle cells with stripes called "striations" and are voluntary
They are responsible for overall mobility and contract rapidly but tires easily and is adaptable
Functions
Produce Movement
Maintain body posture and body position
Stabilize Joints
Generate heat
Characteristics
Extensibility
Extend/ Stretch
muscle cells shorten when contracting but can be stretched when relaxed
Contractility
shorten forcibly when stimulated
sets muscle apart from all other tissue types
Elasticity
to recoil and resume resting length after stretching
Excitability/ Responsiveness
ability of cell to receive and respond to stimulus by changing membrane potential
Disorders
Myofascial pain syndrome: pain from tightened band of muscle fibers
Myopathy: any disease of the muscle
Myalgia: muscle pain from and muscle disorder
Myotonic dystrophy: reduction in muscle mass, control of skeletal muscles, abnormal heart rhythm, and diabetes mellitus
Hernia: An organ protruding it´s body cavity wall caused by heavy lifting or obesity and subsequent muscle weakening
RICE: the standard treatment for pulled muscles or stretched tendons/ligaments (Rest, Ice, Compression, and elevation)
Fibromyalgia: conditions involving muscle inflammation, connective tissues coverings and tendons, and capsules of near by joints
Spasm: involuntary twitch in smooth or skeletal muscle that ranges from irritating to painful
Strain: a pulled muscle
Tetanus: a state of constrained muscle or an acute infectious disease caused by anaerobic bacterium
Charley horse: painful muscle spasm by stretching/tearing a muscle
Electromyography: recording and interpretation of electrical activity of contracting muscles
Physiology of muscle contraction
The Sliding Filament Theory
During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments allowing actin and myosin filaments or overlap each other
thick or thin filaments do not change their lengths
when the nervous system is stimulated the mysoin heads on thick filaments bind to myosin-binding sites on actin in thin filaments allowing them to slide
cross bridges are created and broken
muscle cell shortens
I bands shorten, H zones disappear, A bands move closer, Z discs become shorter, and get closer to M line
Structural and Organizational Levels of the Skeletal Muscle
inside the muscle fascicles
these fascicles are fibers surrounded by endomysium, with the sarcolemma under and a nucleus there
inside the fibers are myofibrils that are bundles of myofilaments
those myofilaments are made up of sarcomeres
and lastly those sarcomeres are parts of myofibril which are made up of actin and myosin filaments