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Muscular Angelynn Torres Period 4 (Muscles & Function: (Flexor Carpi…
Muscular
Angelynn Torres
Period 4
Major Functions of the Muscle
Elasticity: Ability of a muscle cell to recoil and resume its resting length after stretching
Produce movement: Skeletal muscles are responsible for locomotion and manipulation.
blood coursing through body due to heartbeat and propels substances
Extensibility: ability to extend or stretch the muscles
Maintain posture: make adjustments to counteract gravity
Contractility: the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
Stabilize Joints: strengthen and stabilize the muscle
Excitability: responsiveness, ability of a cell to receive and respond to stimulus by changing ts membrane potential. Stimulus is usually a chemical
Generate Heat: generate heat as they contract, maintain body temperature
Muscles & Function:
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: located on the ulnar side of the forearm
adduct and flex the wrist at the same time
Extensor Digitorum: Located on muscle of the posterior forearm
movements of the wrists and the elbows
Extensor carpi radialis: Located on the lateral side of the humerus, long
-muscles that control movements at the wrist
iliopsoas: anterior hip muscle
flex the thigh at the hip joint
latissimus dorsi: located in the middle of the back, and it is partially covered by the trapezius
Extension and flexion of shoulder joint
adductor longus: located in the thigh
adduct the thigh
teres major: located on the underside of the upper arm
medial rotator and adductor of the humerus
sartorius: longest muscle in the entire human body
muscle found in the anterior region of the thigh
flexor and rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
Infraspinatus: triangular-shaped muscle located at the back of the shoulder
externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder joint
gracilis: found in the groin
responsible for hip adduction and assists knee flexion
External oblique: located on the outer surface of the sides of the abdomen
help pull the chest, as a whole, downwards
rectus femoris: located in the middle of the front of the thigh
helps to extend or raise the knee
rectus abdominis: Located at the abdominal region
Flexion of the thoracic and lumbar spine
vastus lateralis:located on the side of the thigh
extend the lower leg
Flexor carpi radialis: Located on the anterior part of the forearm
Acts to flex and abduct the hand
vastus medialis: located on the front of the thigh
knee extension, along with the other muscles which make up the quadriceps muscle
Brachioradialis: located in the forearm
muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow
bicep femoris: hamstring muscles at the back of the thigh
-extending the thigh, bending the knee, and rotating the knee toward the outside of the body
Tricep Brachii: At the back of the humerus (upper arm) between the shoulder and the elbow
Responsible for extension of the elbow joint
semitendinosus: one of the hamstring muscles
-flex the knee and extend the hip
Bicep Brachii: located in the anterior region of the upper arm
It helps control the motion of two different joints, the shoulder and the elbow
semimembranosus: back of the thigh and runs from the base of the pelvis
enabling the leg to flex and rotate
Serratus Anterior: On the surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side of the chest
Allow the forward rotation of the arm and to pull the scapula forward and around the rib cage.
tibialis anterior: lateral surface of the tibia
It acts to dorsiflex and invert the foot
extensor digitorum longus: located at the front of the leg
extend your toes and dorsiflex your feet
Pectoralis Major: Large muscle in the upper chest
Movement of the shoulder joint.
Deltoid: The deltoid muscle is a rounded, triangular muscle located on the uppermost part of the arm and the top of the shoulder
-Allows you to flex your shoulder joint and rotate the shoulder inward
Sternocleidomastoid: The manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle. It travels obliquely across the side of the neck
Flexes the neck and helps with movement of the head
Trapezius: The trapezius muscle extends from the occipital bone. Located at the base of the skull.
Used to tilt and turn the head and neck, shrug, steady the shoulders, and twist the arms.
Elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula
fibularis longus: lateral shaft of the fibula
flexes the ankle
gastrocnemius:located on the back portion of the lower leg
plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint
soleus: back part of the lower leg
plantarflexion of the foot
3 types of muscle tissue:
Function:
Cardiac Muscle:
Striated
not voluntary, can contract without being stimulated by nervous system, but no conscious control of heartbeat
Skeletal Muscle:
skeletal muscle fibers are longest muscle cells
have striations
activated by reflexes, is known as voluntary muscle, conscious control
Body mobility
contract rapidly
tires easily needs rest
adaptable force
Smooth Muscle:
forces fluids and substance internal body channels
forms valves to regulate passage of substances through internal body openings
dilates and constricts pupils
forms arrecter pili muscles attached to hair follicles
elongated cells
no striations
no voluntary control
Type:
Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal Muscle tissue
organs attach to and cover the skeleton
Smooth Muscle: in the walls of hollow visceral organs, such as stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages
Cardiac Muscle: Only in the heart, constitutes bulk of the heart walls
Body Movement Terminology:
Chewing
Depression: moving elevated part inferiorly
Elevation: Moving elevated part superiorly, shoulder shrug
Retraction: Jaw in
protraction: jaw out
Circumduction: Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space, distal end of limb moves in a circle
Rotation: Turning of a bone around its own long axis
Flexion: Bending movement
along sagittal plane, decreases angle of joint and brings articulating bones closer
Extension:
Reverse of Flexion
increases angle between articulating bones, straightens a flexed limb
Dorsiflexion: Lifting the foot
Plantar Flexion: Depressing the foot, pointing toes down
Pronation: Radius rotates over the ulna
Supination:radius and ulna are parallel
Inversion: Sole of foot turns medially
Eversion: sole faces laterally
Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction: movement torwards the midline of the body
Structure and organizational levels of skeletal muscle:
Skeletal Muscle: Long cylindrical cell with multiple oval nuclei, just beneath its sarcolemma or plasma membrane
Thin Filaments: Contain actin and extend across the I band and partway into the A band
z disk Ca protein sheet, anchors the thin filaments * lateral
Actin: protein with kidney shaped polypeptide subunits called globular actin
Thick filaments: contain myosin and extend the entire length of the A band - connected to the middle of the sarcomere at the M line * central
Tropomyosin: A rod shaped protein, spiral about the actin core and help stiffen and stabilize it
Myofilaments: smaller structures within sarcomeres
muscle equivalents of the actin- containing microfilaments and myosin motor proteins motility and shape change of cells
Troponin: Other major protein in thin filaments is a globular protein with 3 polypeptide subunits
Sarcomeres: Region of a myofibril between two successive Z disks
smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber - functional unit
Elastic Filament: composed of the giant protein titin
it holds the thick filament in place, maintaining organization of the A band and helps the muscle cells spring back into shape after stretching
Striations: repeating series of dark and light bands
evident along the length of each myofibril
Dystrophin: links the thin filaments to the integral proteins of the sarcolemma
Myofibrils: Densely packed in the fiber that mitochondria and other organelles appear to be squeezed between them
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: an elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum
regulates levels of ionic calcium, stores calcium, and releases it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract
Myoglobin: Red pigment that stores oxygen
T Tubules: Sarcolemma of a muscle cell protrudes deep into the cell interior, forming an elongated tube
Sacroplasm: cytoplasm of a muscle cell, contains ussually large gllycosomes
Physiology of muscle contraction (the sliding filament theory):
The calcium binds to troponin and causes the tropomyosin to move
The myosin then binds with actin and forms a crossbridge
Calcium Ions are released into the sarcoplasm and eventually reach the sarcomere
ADP is released from myosin and a power stroke occurs
The impulse travels through the sarcolemma and
down T
tubules
ATP binds to myosin and releases actin. ATP becomes ADP again. The myosin is ready to form a crossbridge once again
The impulse goes to the motor neuron and eventually reaches a neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine is released and triggers an impulse
Ca^2+ is released and prevents contractions. Relaxation occurs
The brain sends an impulse signal to the muscles
Disorders associated with the muscular systems:
Ruptured Calcaneal Tendon: rupture of the strongest tendon
Shin splints: medial tibial stress syndrome, painful inflammation of muscles, tendons and connective tissue surrounding tibia.
Quadriceps and Hamstring strains: tearing these muscles at or near their tendons during activity
Tennis elbow: lateral epicondylitis, tenderness due to overuse
Hernia: Abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue
Torticollis: Condition in which the neck stays rotated to one side, keeping the head tilted in that direction
Charley Horse: painful muscle spasm