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Investment and Motivation (2000s (Potowski, 2007 potowski (Investment in a…
Investment
and Motivation
1970s
Gardner & Lambert, 1972
integrative Motivation (more powerful)
Instrumental motivation
Bourdieu, 1977 !
Cultural capital
Bourdieu & Passeron, 1977
redefined cultural capital
different exchange values
for different classes and groups
different social norms
1960s
Gardner, 1960 & 1966
Motivation
individual difference
cultural context
Educational Context
not aptitude
Lambert, 1962 & 1964
French American Study
attitude and motives influence bilingual development
Identity plays a role in motivation and attitude towards learning
students participate in a subculture
Carroll, 1962
Learner Characteristics
General Intelligence
motivation
Aptitude
Instructional Variables
Opportunity the student has for learning
Adequacy of presentation of the material being learned
1990s
Oxford & Shearin, 1994
L2 learning motivation can be expanded to include education, psychology, etc
Can also be expanded to meet the needs of the individual learner
Dornyei, 1994,1997
integrative motivation is expanding to a global community
a need for a better way to understand the nature of motivation
Crooks & Schmidt, 1991
to study motivation in a more ethnographic way
Motivation research has been limited - socio-psychological in approach
Norton Pierce, 1995
Investment over Motivation
The example of Martina
Mckay & Wong, 1996
Used Norton's concept of investment
Relates student's discourses and identities
investment in learning
agreed and slightly expanded Norton's work
agency in terms of power relation in US
2000s
Norton, 2000
Book - Identity and Language Learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change
Investment in English
changing identities across historical time and space
Skilton-Sylvester, 2002
4 Cambodian women
Investment and Participation in ESL program
understanding domestic and professional identities
Limits to motivation and participation
adult learner identities
investment in learning English
social context
Pittaway, 2004
Investment
Social factors in SLA
Instructor-Student dynamic
Instructors address needs of adults learners in ESL classroom
suggest more research on lived experiences and desires relevant to classroom material
Haneda, 2005
Use CoP, identity, and investment
Learning Language
Changing Identity
Agency
Life Histories
Task Investment
Movement between CoP (Past and Future)
Cummins, 2006
Identity text - students invest their identities through text
Optimal academic development
maximum identity investment
maximum cognitive engagement
Potowski, 2007
Investment in a SPN immersion school in Chicago
Followed a group of students in 5th and 8th grade
Uses the concept of investment to describe student identity investment
2010s
Norton, 2013
Identity and Language: Extending the Converversation
Investment as it relates to power structures
Break down and resist power structures
