Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

GAMIFICATION 🎲 (Game Elements (THE PBL Triad - some game elements are…

- - - - the board
        
        Tokens (x and o)
        
        two players
        
        competitive (someone wins or draw)
        
        turns
        
        win and draw states
        
        there is no progression and there is no scoring - some limitations making it too basic to hold someone's attention for too long
  - - - these are just the elements, not the totality of the game
        
        Experience is the goal, including Aesthetics
      - dynamics
        
        big picture aspects - "grammar"
        
        constraints
        
        limit the freedom to make people make meaningful choices
        
        Emotions
        
        any game-like experience evokes emotions - can be any emotion
        
        a sense of accomplishment, a sense of satisfaction is key to keeping people engaged
        
        Narrative
        
        explicit or implicit - creating a sense of flow
        
        coherent feeling of a whole - consistent graphical experiences - the opposite is a combination of elements without much connection
        
        Progression
        
        the notion of you start at one place and progress to somewhere else
        
        giving a player a sense that they can improve
        
        relationships
        
        people interacting with each other
      - Mechanics
        
        processes that drive the action forward - "verbs"
        
        Challenges
        
        Chance
        
        competition
        
        cooperation
        
        Feedback
        
        resource acquisition
        
        rewards
        
        transactions
        
        turns
        
        win states
      - Components
        
        Specific instantiations of mechanics and dynamics - 'nouns'
        
        Achievements
        
        Avatars
        
        Badges
        
        Boss fights
        
        Collections
        
        Combat
        
        Content unlocking
        
        Gifting
        
        Leaderboard
        
        Levels
        
        Points
        
        quests
        
        Social graph
        
        Teams
        
        Virtual goods
  - - - points are used to:
        
        keep score to determine how well someone is doing in the game
        
        determine win states
        
        connect to rewards
        
        provide feedback - good evidence that you are making progress
        
        display progress - that you are moving up
        
        data for the game designers
        
        universal currency - can be applied for anything
      - Badges are:
        
        representations of achievement
        
        flexible - anything can be represented with a badge
        
        Style - they are graphical and can convey a style and vibe
        
        signal importance - what things are important in the game?
        
        Credentials - proof of achievement
        
        collections - collecting stuff becomes in and of itself a game
        
        social display (status symbol)
  - - - the elements are not the game
      - what matters is how they are all interconnected
      - in PBL there is a tendency to focus on rewards
        
        psychology shows that rewards are not always effective to create a fun experience - rewards do not equal fun
        
        also everyone uses a cookie cutter approach
- - - - toolbox - pieces that you have to work with
        
        points, levels, quests, social graph, avatars...
    - - more to games than the elements
        
        games are designed systematically and purposefully to make the experience fun
        
        there is an artistic, experiential way of designing the experience
  - - - marketing, sales, customer engagement
    - - HR, productivity, social engagement
    - - health and fitness, learning, personal finance
  - - - gamification is the opposite - it is about making the real-world experience better and more rewarding
      - it's not games at work
      - any use of games in business
      - not simulations
      - is not just for marketing or customer engagement - it's not simply PBLs (points, badges and leaderboards)
      - is not a game theory - game theory is study of strategic decision-making and mathematical models..
    - - listening to what games can teach us
      - learning from game design (psychology, management, marketing, economics)
      - appreciating fun
- - - - a player journey must have a beginning, midpoint and an end
        
        Onboarding - how to get the playing into the game as fast as possible?
        
        scaffolding - they need to know what they are supposed to do and not feel stuck
        
        pathways to mastery - how can a user be successful and win the game
- - - - their choices have a consequence
    - - freedom to feel at play
- - - - Pavlov's conditioning experiment
      - operand conditioning - more modern school of thought (Skinner)
        
        stimulus -> behavior -> consequences (good or bad)
        
        you are conditioned to do something differently based on consequences - this is called learning
      - behavioral economics
        
        observing what people do, and not at why or theory
        
        people make "mistakes" consistently
        
        Loss aversion
        
        power of defaults
        
        confirmation bias
        
        people tend to see what they are looking for - we see patterns where there is no
      - takeaways:
        
        Observation
        
        Feedback loops
        
        Reinforcement
    - - watch what people do is not aways intuitive
      - importance of feedback
      - conditioning through consequences
        
        e.g. reinforcement through rewards
        
        the dopamine system
        
        the structure in the brain associated with pleasure and learning releases dopamine for things that are surprising, curious, satisfying and fun
        
        reward structures
        
        can be unlimited and creative
        
        there are many types of rewards
        
        tangible or intangible rewards
        
        money vs badge
        
        Expected and unexpected rewards
        
        sometimes we know it's coming and somtimes it's a surprise
        
        1 more item...
        
        contingency - what has a player to do?
        
        task non-contingent
        
        engagement-contingent
        
        completion-contingent
        
        performance-continent
        
        reward schedules
        
        continuous reward - you will get any time
        
        least exciting
        
        fixed ratio - every N number of times you do something you get a reward
        
        fixed interval - based on time, not on user action
        
        variable reward
        
        brains love surprises - comes from evolution - hunter-gatherers - we notice changes and differences in the environment that breaks the patterns
        
        surprising
        
        competitive/non-competitive
        
        certain/uncertain
    - - leaves out the why as focuses on external behavior without considering what the player/person feels or thinks
        
        Manipulation - has a danger of displaying a person as an object of behavior engineering, rather than a human being
        
        Status in gamification is seen as the ultimate technique - but people do things for various reasons, including altruistic, social, tangible, etc.
        
        hedonic treadmill
        
        once addicted to rewards, will constantly expect rewards
        
        old rewards will start being boring
  - - - intrinsic and extrinsic motivation theory
        
        intrinsic - doing things for the sake of doing things (because you like it or find it fun, e,g.)
        
        extrinsic - because you get a tangible or intangible reward
        
        SAPS framework - Zicherman
        
        Status
        
        Access
        
        Power
        
        Stuff
        
        Status - top of hierarchy - making players feel special and feel recognized
        
        Access to parts that they previously didn't or other players don't
        
        power - power to do something that they previously couldn't or other people can't - redeem a reward
        
        getting something for the actions
        
        rewards can backfire and demotivate
        
        overjustification effect
        
        reward might replace the intrinsic motivation
        
        experiment with drawing - when rewards were added and then removed - the motivation was gone
        
        kindergarten in Israel and late-coming parents
        
        studies on teachers - connecting student performance to renumeration/bonus backfires
        
        types of rewards do matter
        
        3 more items...
        
        self-determination theory
        
        Ed Deci and Richard Ryan
        
        going from being completely impartial to completely motivated is a spectrum with extrinsic motivators in the middle
- - - - pre-lusory goal
        
        every game has a purpose/goal
        
        in tennis it's to send the ball across the net
        
        in running 400m it's reaching the finish line as fast as possible
      - constitutive rules
        
        rules of the game
      - lusory attitude
        
        game-like attitude
        
        player voluntarily follow the rules even if it limits the freedom
        
        players voluntarily overcome unnecessary obstacles
        
        not following rules will make it anything but game
        
        or it is cheating
    - - the magic circle
        
        physical or virtual boundary of the game
        
        once you are inside the circle, the rules of the game matter
        
        game designer's purpose is to put the users into the magic circle to make them care about the rules
    - - voluntary
        
        whoever must play, can't play (some NYU prof)
      - learning or problem solving
      - balance of structure and exploration
- - - - mayorship - most check-ins
        
        competition and status as a reward
      - badges for different location check-ins
- - - - winning is fun
      - problem-solving is fun
      - exploring is fun
      - chilling is fun
      - teamwork/social collaboration
      - recognition
      - triumphing - you win and somebody loses
      - collecting
      - surprise
      - imagination and daydreaming
      - sharing
      - role playing
      - customization
      - goofing off
    - - Nicole Lazzaro's 4 keys to fun
        
        easy fun
        
        casual, light, easy
        
        hard fun
        
        challenges, problem-solving, completion
        
        people fun
        
        the fun of interacting with others, the fun of working with others
        
        serious fun
        
        doing things that are meaningful for you, community, environment
      - Marc LeBlanc's 8 Kinds of fun
        
        Sensation
        
        Fantasy
        
        Narrative
        
        Challenge
        
        Fellowship
        
        Discovery
        
        Expression
        
        Submission