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MUSCULAR SYSTEM (Muscles (Muscles of Thigh & Leg (Iliopsoas (anterior)…
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles
Muscles of Head
Buccinator
Location:maxilla &mandible near molars
Action:compresses cheek as in whistling & sucking, holds food b/w teeth when chewing
Platysma
Location: connective tissue covering superior chest muscle Action: pulls corner of mouth inferiorly
Zygomaticus (anterior)
Location:cheekbone, zygomatic
Action: raises corner of mouth
Temporalis
Location: temple, temporal bone
Action: closes jaw
Orbicularis Oculi (Anterior)
Location: forehead(frontal), maxilla, around eyes
Action: blinks and closes eyes
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Frontalis (Anterior)
Location: forehead, cranial aponeurosis
Action: raises eyebrow
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Muscles of Trunk
Trapezius(Anterior/posterior)
Location: occipital bone & all cervical & thoracic vertebrae, scapular spine & clavicle
Action:extends neck & adducts scapula
External Obliques (Anterior)
Location: lower eight ribs, iliac crest
Action: flexes & rotates vertebral column
Rectus Abdominis (anterior)
Location: pubis, sternum & fifth to seventh ribs
Action: flexes vertebral column
Latissimus Dorsi (posterior)
Location: lower spine & iliac crest, proximal humerus
Action: extends & adducts humerus
Pectoralis Major (Anterior)
Location:sternum, clavicle, first to sixth ribs, proximal humerus
Action: adducts & flexes humerus
Erector Spinae (posterior)
Location: iliac crests, ribs 3-12,
vertebrae , ribs, thoracic & cervical vertebrae
Action: extends back
Muscles of Arm
Flexor Carpi Radialis (posterior)
Location: distal humerus, second and third metacarpals
Action: flexes wrist & abducts hand
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (posterior)
Location: distal humerus & posterior ulna, carpals of wrist & fifth metacarpal
Action: flexes wrist &adducts hand
Tricep Brachii (posterior)
Location: shoulder girdle & proximal humerus, olecranon process of ulna
Action: extends elbow
Flexor Digitorium Superficiali (posterior)
Location: distal humerus, ulna & radius, middle phalanges of 2-5 fingers
Action: flexes wrist & fingers
Deltoid (Anterior)
Location: scapular spine & clavicle, humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
Action: abducts humerus
Extensor Digitorium (posterior)
Location: distal humerus, distal phalanges of 2-5 fingers
Action: extends fingers and wrists
Bicep Brachii (Anterior)
Location: scapula of shoulder girdle, proximal radius
Action: flexes elbow & supinates forearm
Extensor Carpi Radialis (posterior)
Location: humerus, base of second& third metacarpals
Action: extends wrist & abducts hand
Muscles of Thigh & Leg
Iliopsoas (anterior)
Location: illium & lumbar vertebrae, femur
Action: flexes hip
Sartorius (anterior)
Location: allium, proximal tibia
Action: flexes thigh on hip
Adductor Muscles (anterior)
Location: pelvis, proximal femur
Action: adduct thigh
Quadracep Group (anterior)
Location: Vasti-femor Fectus Femoris- pelvis, Tibial tubersity via patellar ligament (vastus medialis. intermedias, lateralis, rectus femoris)
Action: all extend knee; rectus femoris also flexes hip on thigh
Gluteus Maximus (posterior)
Location: sacrum & illium, proximal femur
Action: extends hip (when forceful extension is required)
Hamstring (posterior)
Location: ischial tuberosity, proximal tibia (head of fibula in case of biceps femoris) ( semitendinosis, semimembranosus, biceps femoris)
Action: flexes knee & extends hip
Tibialis Anterior (anterior)
Location: proximal tibia, first cuneiform (tarsal) & first metatarsal of foot
Action: dorsiflexes & inverts foot
Extensor Digitorium Longus (anterior)
Location: proximal tibia & radius, distal toes 2-5
Action: extends toes & dorsiflexes foot
Gastrocnemius (posterior)
Location: distal femur, calcaneus (heel via calcanea tendon)
Action: plantar flexes foot & flexes knee
Soleus (posterior)
Location: proximal tibia & fibula, calcaneus
Action: plantar flexes foot
Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle (small portion of system)
-cells are long, cylindral, branched, has single central nucleus
-has stiations
-forms heart wall
-joined to another cell @ intercalated disc
-involuntary
Smooth Muscle
-spindle-shaped cells w/ single central nucleus
-has no striations
-found mainly in hollow walls of organs & eyes(control size of pupils)
-involuntary
Skeletal Muscles (makes up majority of skeletal muscle)
-cells are long, cylindral, parallel, & multinucleated
-attached by tendons to bones
-Striated- visible banding
-Voluntary- subject to conscious control
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Muscle Contraction
1) The brain or spinal cord sends an impulse to muscle 2)Impulse travels down motor neuron & reaches neuromuscular junction
3)Impulse reaches neuromuscular junction it releases acetylcholine
4)Triggers impulse in muscle travels down plasma membrane & down T-tubules surrounding myofibrils
Sliding Filament Theory
5) Impulse passes through T-tubules causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions into sarcoplasma
6) ca2+ eventually reaches sarcomere
7) CA2+ binds to troponin located on actin filament
8) Causes tropomyosin to move & expose binding sites for myosin
9)Myosin head binds to actin & forms a crossbridge
10) ADP & Pi are released from myosin
11) Causes myosin to move movement: powerstroke
12) ATP binds to myosin release actin & reverting ATP into ADP & Pi
13) Myosin now forms another cross bridge & cycle continues until impulse stops
14) Once impulse stops, CA2+ is released from tropic causing tropomyosin to cover bindings prevents contraction
15)CA2+ returns to SR & waits for another impulse ... relaxation