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GLOBAL CRIME (GLOBALISATION (Held and Mcgrew (2007) 'the widening,…
GLOBAL CRIME
GLOBALISATION
Held and Mcgrew (2007) 'the widening, deepening and speeding upon worldwide interconnectedness'
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Marxist-Taylor(1997)- the spread of global capitalism has led t more crime and changes in the pattern and extent of crime.
4 main developments:
- Footloose capital
- Marketization
- The global media
- Subcontracting/flexible labour
Farr2005)- Two main forms of global networks:
- Mafias EG in France there's gangs from Nigeria, Georgia and Romania running the crime rings
- Never organised crime groups
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Hobbs and dunnigham (1998) crime networks have gone from local to global = these trades require local networks to continue their activities = Glocalism
Crime rate impact; uk crime rate dropping for most uk, but this could be due to globalisation impacting this elsewhere
STATE CRIMES
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Eugene Mclaughlin(2001) divided these into 4 types of state crime:
1.crimes by the security and police forces
2.economic crimes eg white collar crime
3.social and cultural crimes
4.Practical crimes eg state being corupt
Kleptocratic = states robbing from their population
Transgressive approach = goes outside the usual boundaries of defining a crime as simple law breaking
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Explaining state crimes
Green & ward(2012) two main explanations for state crime
1.Intergrated theory - crime arises from similar circumstances to those of other crimes and involves integrating three elements of the motivation of offenders; opportunities to commit crime and failures of control
- Crimes of obedience model-developed by Kelman & Hamilton(1989) violent states encourage obedience by those who actually carry to state backed systematic human right abuses in 3 ways:
- Authorization
- Dehumanization
- Routinization
Techniques of neutarlisation
Help states provide the necessary excuses and justifications to explain breaches of human rights
- Cohen(2001) applies Sykes & Matzas(1957) concept of 'techniques of neutralisation' to explain how states can deny they have committed serious breaches of human rights
1.Try to relabel their crimes are something else
2.Excuse the crimes as something regrettable but suitable
3.Appealing to higher loyalties
Types of state crimes
- Torture
- Corruption
- Genocide
- Assination
- War crimes
- State sponsored terrorism
THE MEDIA
Crime as consumer spectacle
- Hayward & Young(2012) advertisers have turned images of crime into tools for selling products in the consumer market
- The media has a role in the social construction of crime and deviance
Agenda setting
The power to manage which issues are to be presented for public discussion and debate and which issues are kept I. the background
News values
Assumptions held by editors and journalists which guide them into choosing what is news worthy
- Greer & Reiner(2012)stories of sexual and violent crimes captures popular imagination
- Reiner(2007) media coverage of crime is filtered through the values and assumptions of crime writers and journalists about what makes a story 'news worthy'
- Jewkes(2011) certain news value that influence the reporting of crime
Fake news- a type of journalism that consists of deliberate misinformation
The backwards law
- CSEW shows the majority of people base their knowledge of crime and the criminal justice system on the media
- Surette(2010) this is 'backwards law' with the media constructing images of crime ad justice which are an opposite or backwards version of reality
- Greer & Reiner(2012) this is shown by media news and fiction misrepresenting the reality of crime in the following ways:
1.Exaggerating sex,drugs,and violence crimes
2.Portraying property crime as for more serious and violent
3.Exaggerating police effeteness in solving crime
4.Exaggerating risk of becoming a victims eg old people
5.Emphasizing individual incidents of crime rather than providing any understanding
Media Perspectives
Left realism- media reporting of crime disguises the reality that both offenders and victims are mainly from the working class and poor
Marxists- concealment of the significance of white colar and corporatists ecrimes, environmental pollution and drugs manufacturing
Postmodernists- Baudrillard(2001) hyper reality= media do not reflect the reality of crime and deviance but actively Crete alternatives and this has little connection with the real world
Flately et al(2010) 2/3 of England thought crime had risen but it had fallen= media misinformation
Mcrobbie & Thorne (1995) concept of moral panic is no longer useful for understanding crime and is outdated in the age of the media
Greer & Reiner(2012) a long history of 'respectable fears' about the media causing crime and deviance. several ways this is done
- Labelling
- Motives for crime
- learning crime techniques
4.new ways for committing crime
5.reduction of social controls over crime
- providing targets for crimes
GREEN CRIME
Wolf (2011) defines it as actions that break laws protecting the environment
- 32% of all global crimes are environmental crimes
Lynch & Stretsky (2003) environmental or green crime should adopt a wider approach which goes beyond defining crime as simply law-breaking
White(2008) environmental crime is any human action that causes environmental harm; whether or not it is illegal= environmental justice approach
Green crime and Globalisation
- Beck(1992) environmental disasters such as flooding, droughts and famine are natural and outside of human control
- Environmental harm cannot be limited to one locality: events in one country can have consequences in many
- White(2008) globalised character of environmental harms shown by transitional companies dumping waste in developing countries to avoid pollution laws
Who commits green crime?
- individuals eg littering
- Private businesses eg corporate crime
3.states and governments: collusion with private businesses. Santana(2002) the military is one of the biggest polluters
- Organised crime: Massari & Monzini (2004) Mafia caused illegal waste disposal in Italy
Victims of green crimes
- Potter(2010): social divisions are reinforced by environmental harms; least powerful are the most likely to be victims
- Environmental racism - those suffering are different ethnicity to the ones causing it EG Donald trump
- White (2003) people in the developing countries are at greater risk to exposure to pollution. in developed countries, usually working class who are exposed
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HUMAN RIGHTS
Green & ward(2004) these rights are now social norms and all countries pay attention to them.its engrained into us
O'Byroe(2012) countries are increasingly assessed by the extent to which they preserve human rights an din which they fail to do so = torture, violence and slavery
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