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Acid and Base Models (Lewis theory (How is this different (movement of…

- - - - Accepts pair of electrons to form a bond
      - Electrophile
    - - Gives electron pair to make a bond
      - Nucleophile
  - - - Borane – BH3
      - Aluminum Chloride – AlCl3
      - Iron (III) Bromide – FeCl3
      - H+
    - - Ammonia- NH3
      - Water- H20
  - - - relative strength of a and b's
      - acids such as
        
        HCl
        
        H2SO4
- - - - "acids dissociate in water to yield (H+) ions " -Encyclopaedia Britannica
    - - "Bases ionize in water to yield OH− ions." - Encyclopaedia Britannica
  - - - Hydrochloric Acid – HCl
      - Nitric Acid – HNO3
      - Sulfuric Acid – H2SO4
      - Acetic Acid – HCH3CO2
      - and more
      - Anything with H
    - - Sodium hydroxide – NaOH
      - Potassium hydroxide – KOH
      - Magnesium hydroxide – Mg(OH)2
      - and more
      - Anything with OH
- - - - Tastes sour
      - pH < 7
      - Reacts with metal
        
        H2 a product
      - Increases H+ concentration in water
    - - Tastes bitter
      - pH >7
      - Increases OH- concentration in water
  - - - Litmus
        
        Acidic: red
        
        Basic: blue
        
        neutral: purple
      - Universal indicator
      - Phenolphthalein
        
        Acidic: clear
        
        Neutral: clear
        
        Basic: pink/ red
      - Methyl orange
        
        Acidic: Red
        
        Neutral: yellow
        
        Basic: yellow
      - Bromothymol blue
        
        Acidic: yellow
        
        Basic: blue
        
        Neutral: Green
  - - - Acid + Metal --> Salt + hydrogen
        
        eg. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) -> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
    - - Acid + Carbonate --> salt + water + carbon dioxide
        
        eg. 2HCl (aq)+CaCO3(s)→CaCl2(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O (l)
    - - Acid + Base --> salt + water
        
        eg.
        HCl (aq)+NaOH (aq)→H2O (l)+NaCl (aq)
  - - - Treat acidic/basic soil
        
        plants grow best in their preferred pH
        
        Acidic soil
        
        CaCO3, or CaO used to neutralise
        
        Basic soil
        
        Treated using rotting vegetables (acidic)
      - Shampoo
        
        Shampoo is basic
        
        acidic hair oil
        
        Neutralisation helps clean
      - Clean teeth
        
        food rotting in teach is acidic
        
        Can decay teeth
        
        Toothpaste slightly basic
        
        Neutralisation helps clean
    - - Latex production
        
        lactic acid produced
        
        ammonia solution (NH4OH) is used
        
        Neutralisation prevents coagulation
      - Acidic gas
        
        burning fossil fuels
        
        produces sulphur dioxide (acidic)
        
        CaCO3, or CaO used to neutralise
        
        prevents air pollution
  - - - Bubble gas through limewater
        
        colour change is present
        
        no colour change if not present
    - - Pop test
        
        light match
        
        hold in H2
        
        pop heard if H2 present
        
        no pop if not present
- - - - Ammonia
      - Methanol
      - and more
    - - Aqueous solutions
      - Non-aqueous solutions
  - - - "Acid is a species having a tendency to lose a proton" -Encyclopaedia Britannica
      - Still break down to H+ ion
        
        But without water
    - - "Base is a species having a tendency to gain a proton"- Encyclopaedia Britannica
      - Anything that can accept a free proton
  - - - Nitric acid- HNO3
    - - Methanol – CH3OH
      - Formaldehyde – H2CO
      - And even water – H2O
  - - - some solids
      - some gases