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Clostridium tetani (Downstream effects (Respiratory system (Neck and chest…

- - - - This can lead to severe muscle spasms
    - - Brain damage
  - - - Breathing difficulties
        
        Respiratory failure
        
        Death
    - - Pulmonary embolism
    - - Death
  - - - Patients often have spasms in their facial muscle
      - Spread to the neck and throat
        
        Causing difficulties with swallowing and talking
    - - Starts with the chewing muscle
        
        Hence the name lockjaw
      - Abdominal muscle
  - - - The spine will arch backward
        
        More common when children experience a tetanus infection
  - - - Induce cardiac arrest
        
        Death
- - - - In the spinal cord, tetanus toxin is then transferred to inhibitory presynaptic terminals surrounding those motor neurons
        
        Destroys a vesicular synaptic membrane protein
        
        Resulting in inactivation of inhibitory neurotransmission that normally suppresses motor neuron and muscle activity
- - - - Nervous system
        
        Brain
        
        Spinal cord
        
        Nerves
      - Skeletal system
        
        Bones
        
        Cartilage
        
        Tendons
        
        Ligaments
      - Muscular system
        
        Skeletal muscle
        
        Cardiac muscle
        
        The wall of the heart
        
        Smooth muscle
        
        Walls of hollow internal organs
      - Respiratory system
        
        Bronchi
        
        Diaphragm
        
        Lungs
        
        Trachea
        
        Pharynx
        
        Larynx
      - Cardiovascular systems
        
        Heart
        
        Blood vessels
    - - Muitipolar
        
        More than two processes, there is a single axon and multiple dendrites
      - Bipolar
        
        Two processes separated by the cell body
      - Unipolar
        
        A single elongated process, with the cell body located off to the side
    - - A fast signal transduction process
        
        Involves the transformation of depolarizing events in the sarcolemma
        
        The initiation of mechanical shortening of the myofibrils within the myofiber
        
        By calcium ions released from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
    - - A neuron uses more than one message to determine if it should depolarize
        
        Temporal summation
        
        Two EPSPs close in time and together
        
        A rapidly firing presynaptic neuron cause EPSPs that are close in time
        
        Spatial summation
        
        Two EPSPs at the same time from different location add together
        
        If more than one presynaptic neuron fires at the same time
        
        EPSPs are generated at different location on the neuron
    - - Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
        
        Changes that depolarize the membrane
        
        Decrease the likelihood of the firing action potential of a cell
        
        Inhibit neurotransmitters
      - Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
        
        Changes that hyperpolarize the membrane
        
        Increase the likelihood of the firing action potential of a cell
        
        Stimulate neurotransmitters
    - - Bacillus (rod-shape) gram positive bacterium
      - It possess a thick cell wall made up of multiple layers of peptidoglycan
      - One inner membrane
      - Motile bacteria
      - Move by the means of rotary flagellum in the peritrichous orientation
  - - - The process by which an electrical stimulus triggers
        
        The release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        Initiating the mechanism of muscle contraction by sarcomere shortening
        
        Development of an action potential (EPP) at the motor end place
        
        a) Binding of Ach to Ach receptors in the motor end place triggers the opening of these chemically ion channels
        
        b) Sodium rapidly diffuses into and potassium slowly diffuses out of the muscle fiber
        
        c) The result is a reversal in the electrical charge difference across the membrane of a muscle at the motor end plate, which is called an end-place potential
        
        Release of Calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        a) When the action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, it triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels located in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        b) Calcium diffuses out of the cisternae sacoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm
        
        Initiation and propagation of an action potential along sarcolemma and T-tubeles
        
        b) Voltage-gated sodium channels open, and sodium moves in to cause depolarization
        
        c) Voltage-gated potassium channel open, and potassium moves out to cause repolarization
        
        a) An action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and T-tubules
    - - Skeletal sytems
        
        Supports and protects internal organs
        
        Provides framework
      - Muscular system
        
        Cardiac system
        
        Pumps blood to the rest of the body
        
        Skeletal muscle
        
        Motion
        
        Heat production
        
        Posture
        
        Smooth muscle
        
        Movement of substances
      - Nervous system
        
        Coordinate activities of other organ systems
        
        Responds to sensations
      - Respiratory system
        
        Breathing
        
        Transporting air to facilitate gas exchange
      - Cardiovascular system
        
        Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissues
        
        Removes waste products
    - - Motor neurons
        
        Conduct impulses within the CNS
        
        Integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output
      - Sensory neurons
        
        Carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors
      - Interneurons
        
        Transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin
        
        Organs toward the central nervous system (CNS)
    - - Produces the tetanus toxin (TeNT)
        
        A unique mechanism of action
        
        Binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction
        
        The internalized and transported retroaxonally to the spinal cord
        
        The spastic paralysis induced by the toxin is due to the blockade of neurotransmittrt release from spinal inhibitory interneurons
        
        The blockage of the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
        
        Glycine is the direct cause of the physiological effects that TeNT induces
        
        GABA inhibits motor neurons, so by blocking GABA, tetanus toxin causes violent spastic paralysis
    - - The additive effect of several electrical impulses on a neuromuscuar junction
        
        The junction between a nerve cell and a muscle cell
        
        Individually the stimuli cannot evoke a response, but collectively they can generate a response
        
        Includes both spatial and temporal summation
        
        Determines whether or not an action potential
        
        It will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals
        
        From multiple simultaneous inputs (spatial summation) and from repeated inputs ( temporal summation)
    - - Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
        
        Inhibitory neurotransmitters open channels that hyperpolarize the membrane
        
        Neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated ion channels
        
        Allowing either potassium or chloride to pass
        
        The result is hyperpolarization
      - Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
        
        Excitatory neurotransmitters open channels that depolarize the membrane
        
        The electrochemical gradient for sodium is bigger than potassium
        
        Allowing sodium and potassium to pass simultaneously
        
        Neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated ion channels
        
        So more sodium enters than potassium exits and the result is depolarization