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A 52 year old female goes to the doctors office complaining of recent…

- - - - arachnoid mater
        
        helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact
      - brain stem
        
        controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and it also controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy
      - cerebellum
        
        receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements
      - corpora quadrigemina
        
        reflex centers involving vision and hearing
      - dura mater
        
        It surrounds and supports the dural sinuses and carries blood from the brain toward the heart
      - dural venous sinus
        
        drain all venous blood within the cranial cavity and deliver it back to the cardiovascular circulation via the internal jugular vein below the jugular foramen
      - epithalamus
        
        maintenance of circadian rhythms and regulation of motor pathways and emotions
      - frontal lobe
        
        controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors
      - hypothalamus
        
        plays an important role in hormone production and helps to stimulate many important processes in the body
      - insula
        
        homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control
      - medulla oblongata
        
        directly controls certain ANS responses, such as heart rate, breathing, blood vessel dilation, digestion, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting
      - midbrain
        
        important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing
      - occipital lobe
        
        primary visual cortex, which receives and interprets information from the retinas of the eyes
      - parietal lobe
        
        processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics
      - pia mater
        
        protect the central nervous system by containing the cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain and spine
      - pineal gland
        
        produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones
      - pons
        
        serves as a communications and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain
      - subarachnoid space
        
        filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the large blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord
      - temporal lobe
        
        mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening
      - thalamus
        
        relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
      - cerebrum
        
        performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement
    - - arachnoid mater
        
        helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact
      - cauda equina
        
        send and receive messages to and from your legs, feet, and pelvic organs
      - central canal
        
        and allows for nutrient transport
      - cervical enlargement
        
        increased neural input and output to the upper limbs
      - conus medullaris
        
        problems with the conus medullaris often affect the cauda equina
      - dorsal gray horn
        
        receives several types of sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration
      - dorsal root
        
        transmits sensory information, forming the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve
      - dorsal root ganglion
        
        collects and transmits messages of pain and touch very quickly to the spinal cord
      - dura mater
        
        It surrounds and supports the dural sinuses and carries blood from the brain toward the heart
      - filum terminale
        
        suspend the cord in the CSF
      - lateral gray horn
        
        part of the sympathetic nervous system and receives input from brain stem, organs, and hypothalamus
      - lumbar enlargment
        
        gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs
      - pia mater
        
        primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system
      - ventral gray horn
        
        cell bodies of alpha motor neurons are located
      - ventral root
        
        fibers that carry information destined to control motor
      - white matter funiculi
        
        spinal cord are portions of white matter
    - - Unipolar
        
        sensory neurons
        
        transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or organs toward the central nervous system
      - bipolar
        
        specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of sense.
      - multipolar
        
        motor neurons
        
        carry impulses away from the CNS to the integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output.
    - - Ascending
        
        1st order
        
        has receptors and brings the information to the spinal cord
        
        2nd order
        
        the interneuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
        
        3rd order
        
        neuron in the thalamus that connects with the cerebral cortex
        
        examples
        
        Spinothalamic Tracts
        
        Starts in the spinal cord and ends in the thalamus
      - Descending
        
        lower motor
        
        the brain or the brain stem
        
        upper motor
        
        the neuron that synapses with the muscle
        
        Examples
        
        Vestibulospinal tract
        
        collects info from the brain stem
  - - - arachnoid matter
        
        Connected to the dura mater on the side closest to the CNS
      - brain stem
        
        consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
      - central sulcus
        
        prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe
      - cerebellum
        
        located behind the top part of the brain stem and is made of two hemispheres
      - cerebrum
        
        largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres
      - corpora quadirgemina
        
        located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain
      - dura mater
        
        a membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater
      - dural venous sinus
        
        spaces between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
      - epithalamus
        
        dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon
      - hypothalamus
        
        located in the brain, between the pituitary gland and thalamus
      - insula
        
        hidden deep within the lateral sulcus of the brain
      - longitudinal fissure
        
        separates the two hemispheres (right and left) of the cerebrum
      - medulla oblongata
        
        just below the pons and just above the spinal cord
      - midbrain
        
        region of the developing vertebrate brain that is composed of the tectum and tegmentum
      - occipital lobe
        
        back portion of the brain
      - pia mater
        
        meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
      - pineal gland
        
        deep in the center of the brain
      - pons
        
        portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata
      - subarachnoid space
        
        space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater
      - thalamus
        
        small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain
      - frontal lobe
        
        located near the forehead
      - parietal lobe
        
        is at the back of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres
      - temporal lobe
        
        is located behind your ears and extends to both sides of the brain
    - - Arachnoid mater
        
        Connected to the dura mater on the side closest to the CNS
      - cauda equina
        
        located at the lower end of the spinal cord in the lumbosacral spine
      - central canal
        
        fluid-filled space in the spinal cord
      - cervical enlargement
        
        extends from about the fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebra
      - conus medullaris
        
        bundled, tapered end of the spinal cord nerves
      - dorsal gray horn
        
        posterior grey column
      - dorsal root
        
        emerges directly from the spinal cord, and travels to the dorsal root ganglion
      - dorsal root ganglion
        
        forms a little bulge at the base of each spinal nerve
      - dura mater
        
        a membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater
      - filum terminale
        
        extension of the pia mater that is attached to the coccygeal segments
      - lateral gray horn
        
        present primarily in the thoracic region, and contain the preganglionic visceral motor neurons that project to the sympathetic ganglia
      - lumbar enlargement
        
        commences about the level of T11 and ends at S2, and reaches its maximum circumference, of about 33 mm
      - pia mater
        
        meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
      - ventral gray horn
        
        front column of grey matter in the spinal cord
      - ventral root
        
        consists of axons from motor neurons whose cell bodies are found within the gray matter of the spinal cord
      - white mater funiculi
        
        mall bundle of axons (nerve fibres), enclosed by the perineurium
    - - Unipolar
        
        Neurons with one extension off of their cell body
      - bipolar
        
        has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)
      - multipolar
        
        multiple extensions
    - - Ascending
        
        1st order neuron
        
        2nd order neuron
        
        3rd order neuron
      - Descentding
        
        Upper motor
        
        lower motor
- - - - Heredity. Five to 10 percent of the people with ALS inherited it.
      - Age. ALS risk increases with age, and is most common between the ages of 40 and the mid-60s
      - Sex. Before the age of 65, slightly more men than women develop ALS
      - Genetics
      - Disorganized immune response
      - Chemical imbalance