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Vascular Plants Without Seeds (The Microphyll line of Evolution …
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Evolution of Seeds
in free-sporing species, spores can be identified with sporophytes
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as they fused to each other and to the megasporangium, the space at the top became the place of microspores.
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Aneurophytales
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They varied in stature from shrubs to large trees, up to 12m tall.
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Archaeopteridales
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Stem of Archaeopteris had a siphonostele, pith surrounded by a ring of primary xylem bundles, much like modern conifers and dicots.
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Gymnosperms
The gymnosperms are those plants with "naked ovules," that is,ovules located on flat sporophylls.
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Angiosperms are the flowering plants, those with carpels, which are believed to be sporophylls that form a tube-like, closed structure; fruits are mature carpels.
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