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Impacts of spatial changes to biomes on wildlife society (Warmer, rising…
Impacts of spatial changes to biomes on wildlife society
SPECIES MIGRATION rising temperature forcing animals to relocate to cooler areas
DISEASE: northward spread in Europe and North America of the animal ticks that spread Lyme disease
FOOD PRODUCTION: Food production: coffee and their crops can only be grown in higher and cooler altitude, crops move - pest move - invaders move
LOSS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: some wildlife offers protection and natural benefits to humans, but because they relocate, these benefits disappear. Mangroves are migrating polewards in Australia and in the southern US, meaning the storm protection and fish nurseries provided are being lost in some places.
INVASIVE SPECIES: kept forests in Australia destroyed by new tropical fishes
INDUSTRY DAMAGE
In Europe, a third of the land used for forestry is unsuitable for forests anymore. This results in decrease in the natural lumber available in the country
Species increasingly shift their range towards cooler poles or higher altitudes
Some species that tend to shift range upwards have nowhere to go
• E.g. polar bear, snow leopard, dotterel
British comma butterfly has moved 137 miles northward in the past two decades, while geometrid moths on Mount Kinabalu in Borneo have shifted uphill by 59 metres in 42 years
quiver tree of southern Africa is increasing as it moves towards the south pole, but dying of heat and water stress in its shrinking northern range
Dartford warblers have been steadily moving northwards in the UK while declining on the southern edge of their range in Spain.
the snow crab has extended its range northwards by up to 311 miles
Seasonal Shift
Migratory birds including the whitethroat, reed warbler and song thrush are arriving earlier
three species of Japanese amphibians have been found to be breeding earlier
edible dormouse has been emerging earlier from hibernation by an average of eight days per decade.
Squeezed-out species
mountain pygmy possum of Australia is being affected by warmer winters, emerging from hibernation before its prey, bogong moth, and often dying of starvation
Haleakala silversword lives only on a single volcano summit in Hawaii, but shifting weather patterns have made the plant's environment too dry and warm for new seedlings to survive, and older plants are dying off
Tree deaths
North America's forests more vulnerable to infestations from insects like the ips, spruce, fir and mountain pine beetles
Forests in Australia, Russia, France, and other countries have experienced die-offs
• Caused by drought, high temperatures
Invasive species
Asian tiger mosquito is now prevalent in several southern European countries but projections show it is likely to extend its range further north
invasive species such as the European green crab, Japanese ghost shrimp and club sea-squirt are predicted to increase six-fold
Extinction
more than 160 probable extinctions in the last two decades, many in Central America
golden toad and the Monteverde harlequin frog
Warmer, rising seas
green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead and olive ridley turtles sex ratio affected to have feminization, breeding rates affected
bowhead whale and the narwhal will lose protective cover, while other species such as the ringed seal will struggle to breed
Whales, fish and birds will all suffer from declines in the zooplankton (krill, fish and cephalopods) on which they feed
swan goose will lose important wintering grounds on coastal mudflats and estuaries
decline in algae means less food for cetaceans
kittiwakes and guillemots losing main source of food: sandeels
Earth's ecosystems
suitable habitats for Siberian crane decrease
High northern latitudes warming more rapidly
Northward shift of Arctic vegetation that will see the boreal biome migrate into tundra
• Marked by evergreen trees
TENSION BETWEEN COUNTRY
Important fish stocks are migrating towards the poles in search of cooler waters, with the mackerel caught in Iceland jumping from 1,700 tonnes in 2006 to 120,000 tonnes in 2010, prompting a “mackerel war” with neighbours in whose waters the fish had previously been.
AMPLIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Dark region on the ocean, mass migration is the largest since the last ice age, Land-based species are moving poleward by an average of 17km per decade, and marine species by 72km per decade