'Utilitarianism fails because it is impossible to measure happiness and harm'

'Utilitarianism fails because it is impossible to measure happiness and harm' - (29/11)

Singer

Mill

Preference Utilitarianism

Bentham

Act Utilitarianism

Rule Utilitarianism

Speciesism

Utilitarianism based on idea that

'The notion that human life is sacred just because it is human life is medieval'

Hedonic Calculus

Quantitive Pleasure

'It is the greatest happiness for the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong' - Jeremy Bentham - A fragment of Government

Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure

Teleological

Qualitative Pleasure

Preferential pleasure

Goals of our actions should promote ultimately happiness - Aim to give happiness to everyone

Consequentalist theory

Morality of actions is calculated by consequences

Higher and Lower Pleasure

Mill believed Bentham had oversimplified what people saw as happiness - Bentham believed happiness = pleasure

'It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool ...' - Utilitarianism, London(1861)

Mill is heavily influenced by Aristotle - Agreed that humans and animals are separate being/entities

Main Beliefs

The Cause of Happiness - Happiness comes from more than just pleasurabl experiences. There are underlying states of being such as securtiy, loving family etc

The Logic of Practise - General principles grounded in experience = important to preserve liberty and human dignity

Mill was a firm believer in justice, liberty and human rights w/ LIBERTY being the most important

Liberty - The state of being free w/in society w/ oppressive restrictions

Deontological

Harm's Prinnciple

Level 1: Sense of Biography (Communicating reasoning)
Level 2: No sense of biography, but capacity for pleasure and pain (Not really being able to reason and therefore can’t be independent; E.g: Alzheimers)

Manifest: These are preferences manifested by observed behaviour; emotions, careless analysis of situations. This SHOULD NOT be considered when making decisions.

True(KANT):There are preferences are based on true information, correctly reason and in a rational state of mind. These SHOULD be considered when making decisions.

Eudaimonistic

Very controversial believed that Ape was worth more than a human baby due to intellect