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'Utilitarianism fails because it is impossible to measure happiness…
'Utilitarianism fails because it is impossible to measure happiness and harm' - (29/11)
Singer
Preference Utilitarianism
Speciesism
Preferential pleasure
Level 1: Sense of Biography (Communicating reasoning)
Level 2: No sense of biography, but capacity for pleasure and pain (Not really being able to reason and therefore can’t be independent; E.g: Alzheimers)
Manifest:
These are preferences manifested by observed behaviour; emotions, careless analysis of situations. This SHOULD NOT be considered when making decisions.
True(KANT):
There are preferences are based on true information, correctly reason and in a rational state of mind. These SHOULD be considered when making decisions.
Eudaimonistic
Very controversial believed that Ape was worth more than a human baby due to intellect
'The notion that human life is sacred just because it is human life is medieval'
Mill
Rule Utilitarianism
Qualitative Pleasure
Goals of our actions should promote ultimately happiness - Aim to give happiness to everyone
Consequentalist theory
Morality of actions is calculated by consequences
Higher and Lower Pleasure
Mill believed Bentham had oversimplified what people saw as happiness - Bentham believed happiness = pleasure
'It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool ...' - Utilitarianism, London(1861)
Mill is heavily influenced by Aristotle - Agreed that humans and animals are separate being/entities
Deontological
Harm's Prinnciple
Main Beliefs
The Cause of Happiness
- Happiness comes from more than just pleasurabl experiences. There are underlying states of being such as securtiy, loving family etc
The Logic of Practise
- General principles grounded in experience = important to preserve liberty and human dignity
Mill was a firm believer in
justice, liberty
and
human rights
w/
LIBERTY
being the most important
Liberty
- The state of being free w/in society w/ oppressive restrictions
Bentham
Act Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism based on idea that
Hedonic Calculus
Quantitive Pleasure
'It is the greatest happiness for the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong' - Jeremy Bentham
- A fragment of Government
Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure
Teleological