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52 YOF ALS (Upstream causes (Direct (Progressive disease (Affects motor…

- - - - Affects motor neurons
        
        Specialized nerve cell, controls skeletal muscle movement
        
        Found in spinal cord and brain
        
        Causes atrophy of muscles controlled by affected motor neurons
        
        Leads to muscle weakness
        
        Loss of muscle mass
        
        Inability to control movement
  - - - Modifiable
        
        Smoking
        
        Environmental exposure
        
        Military service
      - Non-modifiable
        
        Age
        
        Gender
        
        Genetics
- - - - Primary motor regulator in the brain
    - - Landmark dividing motor cortex from sensory cortex
    - - Primary sensory area of the brain, performs most sensory functions
    - - Occipital
        
        Processes visual info, stores visual memories
      - Frontal
        
        Motor functions, concentration, decision making, planning, and personality
      - Temporal
        
        Processes senses of hearing and smell
      - Parietal
        
        General sensory functions
      - Insula
        
        Memory and interpretation of taste
  - - - Cervical
        
        Thoracic
        
        Lumbar
        
        Sacrum
        
        T1-5
        
        T1-12
        
        Atlas (C1)
        
        Axis (C2)
        
        C1-7
    - - Neural tracts
        
        Descending tract
        
        Motor tract
        
        Vestibulospinal tract
        
        Contain 2 neurons
        
        Upper neuron
        
        Communicates with spinal cord
        
        Lower neuron
        
        Synapses with muscle
        
        Corticospinal tract
        
        Ascending tract
        
        Sensory tracts
        
        1st order neurons
        
        Has receptors and brings info to spinal cord
        
        2nd order
        
        Interneuron in dorsal horn
        
        3rd order
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spinocerebellar tract
        
        Spinothalmic tract
      - Normal cellular process
        
        Motor movement
        
        From the primary motor cortex, an impulse is generated that controls movement
        
        Once impulse is generated, it travels along the corticospinal tract
        
        Fibers descend from the brain to the spinal cord, terminating at the appropriate level
        
        Impulse travels through white matter of the spinal cord
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Aspiration
        
        Treatment: prevention education, occupational therapy, external feed
      - Respiratory arrest
        
        External ventilation
      - Pneumonia
        
        Treatment: Antibiotics and antipyretics
    - - Dyspagia
        
        Malnutrition
        
        Treatment: external feed device
      - Muscle atrophy
        
        Inability to walk
        
        Treatment: physical therapy, education, mobility aides
        
        Generalized weakness
      - Muscle cramps
        
        Treatment: Benzodiazepines
- - - - Lateral gray horn
        
        Autonomic motor neurons
    - - Ventral root
        
        Bundle of motor neurons, travels to skeletal muscle
      - Ventral gray horn
        
        Contains motor neurons traveling to skeletal muscles
      - Ventral median fissure
        
        Groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord
    - - Dorsal gray horn
        
        Contains cell bodies of interneurons
      - Dorsal root
        
        Bundle of sensory neurons
    - - Central canal
        
        Canal containing CSF
      - White matter tracts
        
        Columns of axons the outer surface
        
        Acts as a relay, coordinating communication to the brain