Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

A 27 year old male patient came in with severe face and arm spasms. He can…

- - - - 2.Voltage-dependent calcium channels open and Ca2+ ions flow from the extracellular fluid into the presynaptic neuron’s cytosol.
        
        3.The influx of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)-containing vesicles to dock and fuse to the presynaptic neuron’s cell membrane.
        
        4.Vesicle membrane fusion with the nerve cell membrane results in the emptying of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft; this process is called exocytosis.
        
        5.Acetylcholine diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the motor end-plate.
        
        6.The acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated cation channels, and open when bound to acetylcholine.
        
        7.The receptors open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the muscle’s cytosol.
        
        1 more item...
  - - - 2.The vesicle membrane attaches to the cell membrane.
        
        3.Fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane releases the vesicle contents outside the cell.
  - - - wave summation
        addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction
        
        tetanus
        a continuous fused contraction
- - - - the toxin is transported in a retrograde fashion toward the central nervous system (CNS) and eventually reaching the spinal cord or brainstem. The toxin causes inhibition of the release of GABA and glycine inside inhibitory nerve terminals that control the activity of the lower motor neurons. Thus, this action causes a hyperactivity effect leading to involuntary contraction of the skeletal muscles