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Community Ecology (Concepts (Community (other species might be in…
Community Ecology
Concepts
some factors prevents tree from growing too big
smaller communities within
organisms that live in lakes
communities that live in tree's branches
smaller communities make up large communities
tree lines
regions too wet for tree to grow
boundaries in time
come into being and cease to exist
beavers build a dam and over time stream build
boundaries in time and place
succession
predictable sequence of changes over time
in an area
some remain same for many years
typically results in climax community
Community
other species might be in competition
or might be predator
many other relations
mutualistic
commensalism
examine many species interactions
species that occur together
at same time
same place
community ecology
know what impacts what
important
organisms affect one another
community restoration
work and projects
back to original
Diversity
species checklist
always incomplete
usually not necessary
impossible
all national parks and wildlife
Diversity and Latitude
diversity varies with latitude
oldest theory
tropical regions
near equator
benign environments
higher latitude
more severe conditions
some more diverse than others
Diversity and Scale
scale
common observation matters
large areas- more diverse
more variations
in types of soil
topography
geology
large population
less likely to die out
species-area relationship
S= cA^z
S- # of species
A- area
c & z- constants
study individual communities
species abundance distribution
communities: more than one species
Beneficial Interactions between species
mutualism is not free
flowers either produce nectar or lose pollen
one helps another without any benefit
example
they build dams that are useful to environment
not useful enough to them
beavers
facilitation
plays role in succession
primary succession especially
new created substrates
animals become established
first organism facilitates presence of the other
minimizing cost
mycorrhizal associations
symbiosis between root nodules
both organisms benefit
example:
pollinators and the plants they pollinate
mutualistic relationship
mutualism
natural selection favors mutations
that reduce costs and minimize benefits
Interconnectedness of Species: Food Chains and Food Webs
Simplest Communities
at least three trophic levels
primary consumers
herbivores
secondary consumers
carnivores
primary producers
plants, algae, cyanobacteria
harsh environment condition
primary producers pop in sparse
herbivores sparse
very few carnivores
so only three levels
in better areas
can be more
carnivores feed on carnivores
higher levels
Food Web
network of numerous interrelationships
energy food web
Food Chain
direct line consumption
all three levels
set of organisms
Keystone species
easy to recognize if restored/ removed
different to recognize on food web
drastically affects the structure
dominant species will have a strong impact
Predator- Prey Interactions
Competition Between Species
exploitation competition
organisms consume shared resource
often compete for same resources
interspecies competition
interference competition
one organism restricts resource
one plant competes with other plants
light
minerals
water
Apparent Competition
prey species share predator
prey pop, low, predator pop, low
vice versa
plants not competing/ using resource
One predator, one prey
primary producer
the two make up
attacked by primary consumer
natural communities
plant is attacked by multiple predators
almost every herbivores attack
several species of plant
important
more species present
competition + growth slow
two fundamental aspects
predator's feeding rate
how quickly
its handling time
amount of time needed
the two make up
predator's functional response
dependent on prey density
Lotka- Volterra model
dN/dt = rN - aNP
criticized
too simplistic
Zero growth Isocline
