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23 year old male w/ Clostridium tetani (Neuromuscular Junction…
23 year old male w/ Clostridium tetani
Systems Involved
Central Nervous System
Muscular System
Integumentary System
Cardiovascular System
Neuromuscular Junction
Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron
Voltage-gated channel opens allowing Ca+ to enter the axon terminal, moving it down the electrochemical gradient.
The Ca+ entry cause ACH to be released by exocytosis.
ACH diffuses across the Sypnatic cleft and binds ACH receptors on the sarcolemma. (Ligand-gated)
End plate potential: Na+ enters, K+ leaves, in the muscle fiber.
The ACH is terminated by acetylcholinesterase and diffuses away.
Neurotransmitters involved
ACH- Acethicholine
coming from motor neuron
skeletal and smooth muscle contraction
Exocytosis Steps
The membrane-bound vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane
Proteins at the vesicle surface bind with plasma membrane proteins
secretion of Neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus and etc.
Vesicular Transport
The vesicle and plasma membrane fuse and a pore opens up
Vesicle contents are released to the outside of the cell.
Differences between
Tetany
Relaxation phase disappears completely and contractions are continuous
muscle contraction frequency is high
Twitch
isolated contraction
Phases
Latent Period
no calcium release
action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma
Contraction Period
Ca++ ions in the sarcoplasm bind to troponin
2.Tropomyosin moves from actin-binding sites
3.Cross bridges form
4.Sarcomeres shortens
Relaxation Period
tension decreases as Ca++ ions are pumped out of the sarcoplasm
Summation
"Additional" stimuli delivered before relaxation Is complete
leads to a stronger contraction
addition of individual twitch contractions that increases the intensity
Clostridium tetani
NMJ
excessive release of ACH
muscle is constantly stimulated(contracting)
MUSCLE SPASMS AND TWITCHES
produces Toxins
Tetanolysis
Tetanospasmin
Characteristics
serious bacterial disease
affects the jaw muscles to lock (jaw lock)
body spasms
prolonged contraction of the skeletal muscle fibers
infection occurs through wound contamination
If toxin Remains in body
Symptoms
stiffness in the jaw (Lock-Jaw), abdominal and back muscles
Sardonic Smile- contraction in facial muscles
fever
seizures
difficulty swallowing
High blood pressure, Rapid heart rate
complications
broken bones (fractures)
blood clots (pulmonary embolism)
tightening of the vocal chords
having trouble breathing and swallowing
Complete Paralysis
toxin produce in the wounds will travel to the brain rapidly
causes muscle stiffness and spasms
severely painful
triggered by noise, light and touch.
Direct
Only experiencing spasms
he got treatment asap
if he waited longer it would have been severe
Indirect
"sketchy" tattoo parlor
dirty needle
didn't clean his needles or reused them
uncleaned environmemt
didn't wash hands
never got vaccinated
Deadly condition if untreated
Treatments
Vaccination protection for future references.
Medicine- Tetanus Immune Globulin
Antibiotics
hospital care
neurotoxin- Tetanospasmin rapidly spreads around the body
Respiratory failure
Unable to breath leading to death
life-threathening
bacteria found in
soil
dust
bowel
animals and humans