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Chap 8,9 &10 (Enzymes (Enzymes are macromolecules that act as…

- - - - Enzymes lower the activation energy barrier allowing for reactions to happen quicker.
  - - - Once combined, the catalytic conversion occurs and the substrate becomes the product of the reaction.
- - - - First Acetyl lCOA(2C) and 4COxalocetic acid mix to produces citric acid (6C). This is anabolic and endergonic.
      - Citric acid then breaks off and 2 Carbon atoms form. This then produces Carbon dioxide,
      - The four carbon molecules and Acetyl COA are used to continue the cycle. Energy for the first three steps create the uncharged molecules needed.
    - - Pyruvates are first split into 2 carbon and 1 single carbon. This is catabolic and exergonic.
      - The 2 carbon molecules are then mixed with coenzyme A to produce Acetyl COA. This step is anabolic and endergonic.
      - This step is used to turn pyruvate into AcetylCOA.
      - Next the single carbon is mixed with Oxygen which makes CO2. The CO2 produced then leaves the cell as a waste. This step is anabolic and endergonic.
      - Finally 2 electrons from Acetyl COA are added to NAD+ which produces NADH. This is anabolic and endergonic.
    - - Glycolysis is overall catabolic and exergonic.
      - Glycolysis is the breakdown of one glucose into 2 pyruvates (3C).
      - The first reactant is 2 ATP which produces 2ADP+2P. This is catabolic and exergonic.
      - The second reactant is 4ADP+4P which produces 4ATP. This is anabolic and endergonic.
      - The third reactant is 2NAD(+)+4e(-)+4H which produces 2NADH+2H. This is anabolic and endergonic.
      - The activation energy is 2ATP
      - The entropy went up.
- - - - There are two photosystems of light reactions: PSI and PSII.
        
        There are special pigments that are used to to help absorb light energy.
        
        In PSI this pair of pigments is known as P700. In PSII this pair is known as P680.
        
        In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons in water molecules are stripped and are pushed through PSI and PSII-leading to the formation of NADPH.
        
        Light is absorbed twice(once in each system) which leads to the formation of ATP.
        
        The light absorption in PSII is what allows for the 02 we breathe to be produced.
      - The cytochrome complex is a key role of photosynthesis.
        
        It works with the thylakoids to allow for electron transport.
        
        It also accepts electrons from photosynthesis II through the plastoquinone while contributing to proton transfer via the membrane.
      - Membrane proteins make up the thylakoids in photosynthetic cells.
        
        Thylakoids jobs are to absorb light, conduct ATP synthesis, and support in electron transportation.
        
        The chloroplasts of thylakoid discs are where the light reactions take place.
      - Because in this reaction the cells are absorbing solar energy through the sun, water from the environment, involving C02 and Chlorophyll, it is considered endergonic.
    - - Dark reactions are known as such because they do not require sunlight, like that of light reaction does.
      - This reaction is also known as the Calvin Cycle.
        
        This takes place in the stroma of the plant.
        
        Three turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to create one G3P molecule to leave the cell and aid in glucose production.
        
        It would take six turns of the Calvin Cycle to transform the by-products into one molecule of glucose.
        
        In three turns: 3 CO2 combine with 3 RuBP creating 6 G3P; 9 ATP convert to 9 ADP; 6 NADPH are converted to 6 NADP.
      - The ATP and NADPH that are produced in the light reactions are used in this function towards glucose synthesis.
        
        The ATP provides the energy for the synthesis, while the NADPH carries the electrons needed to convert the CO2 into carbohydrates.
        
        This synthesis is made possible by the enzyme RUBISCO that acts as a catalyst.